People

David Bierbach

Postdoctoral Researcher

Behavioral Biology
Fish Behavior

HU Berlin

 

Email:

 

Photo: SCIoI

← People Overview

David Bierbach

David Bierbach

Photo: SCIoI

David Bierbach is a biologist working on topics that range from individual differences to large-scale collective behaviors. He integrates field-based studies with analytical and experimental approaches in the laboratory. Through his highly interdisciplinary work, he has developed several experimental techniques to study animal behavior in the most standardized ways, from video playbacks and computer animations to the use of bio-mimetic robots. His main research objectives are tropical freshwater fish like clonal mollies (Poecilia formosa), guppies (P. reticulata) or sulfur mollies (P. sulphuraria). At SCIoI, he is investigating how fish use anticipation in their social interactions. The overall aim is to implement this knowledge to build better bio-mimetic robots and social interaction algorithms. He mainly works in Project 41. Further more he supports Project 10 and co-supervises two projects dealing with information processing and information spread in larger collectives (SCIoI Project 11 and SCIoI Project 12). He is also a team member of Project 21, and Project 58.


Projects

David Bierbach is member of:


6984777 Bierbach 1 apa 50 date desc year 19805 https://www.scienceofintelligence.de/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22H8LWPQKU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Scherer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222026-04-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BScherer%2C%20U.%2C%20Ehlman%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Pen%2C%20I.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wolf%2C%20M.%20%282026%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BNon-genetic%20inheritance%20of%20stochastically%20induced%20behavioral%20individuality%20in%20a%20naturally%20clonal%20fish%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20bioRxiv.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.64898%5C%2F2026.03.31.715612%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.64898%5C%2F2026.03.31.715612%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22preprint%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Non-genetic%20inheritance%20of%20stochastically%20induced%20behavioral%20individuality%20in%20a%20naturally%20clonal%20fish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulrike%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scherer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sean%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ehlman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ido%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Max%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolf%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Research%20on%20stochastic%20phenotypic%20variation%20%28i.e.%2C%20variation%20arising%20despite%20the%20apparent%20absence%20of%20genetic%20and%20environmental%20differences%29%20has%20recently%20emerged%20as%20a%20rapidly%20growing%20area%20in%20biological%20research.%20But%20despite%20growing%20recognition%20of%20both%20its%20existence%20and%20fitness%20relevance%2C%20it%20remains%20unknown%20whether%20and%20to%20what%20extent%20such%20stochastically%20induced%20variation%20is%20transmitted%20across%20generations%2C%20potentially%20making%20it%20an%20unrecognized%20contributor%20to%20evolutionary%20processes%20and%20the%20adaptive%20potential%20of%20populations.%20In%20order%20to%20address%20this%20knowledge%20gap%2C%20we%20here%20performed%20a%20two-generation%20behavioral%20screening%20with%20a%20naturally%20clonal%20fish%3A%2034%20genetically%20identical%20mothers%20and%20their%20232%20offspring%20were%20separated%20directly%20after%20birth%20into%20near-identical%20environments%20and%20tracked%20continuously%20at%20high%20resolution%2C%20constituting%20a%20total%20of%20%5Cu223c19%2C000%20observation%20hours.%20We%20find%20that%20consistent%20among-individual%20differences%20in%20behavioral%20profiles%20%28i.e.%2C%20activity%20and%20feeding%20patterns%29%20of%20both%20mothers%20and%20offspring%20emerged%20despite%20the%20absence%20of%20apparent%20genetic%20and%20environmental%20differences.%20Mother%20feeding%20behavior%20%5Cu2013%20but%20not%20mother%20activity%20%5Cu2013%20was%20positively%20associated%20with%20offspring%20activity%3A%20mothers%20that%20spent%20more%20time%20feeding%20produced%20more%20active%20offspring%2C%20explaining%20%5Cu223c%2033%20%25%20of%20the%20total%20variation%20in%20offspring%20activity.%20This%20link%20between%20mother%20and%20offspring%20behavior%20was%20not%20mediated%20by%20mother%20size%20or%20offspring%20size%20at%20parturition.%20Our%20study%20provides%20first%20evidence%20for%20the%20non-genetic%20transmission%20of%20among-individual%20phenotypic%20differences%20that%20arise%20despite%20the%20apparent%20lack%20of%20genetic%20or%20environmental%20variation%2C%20highlighting%20the%20potential%20importance%20of%20this%20variation%20for%20evolutionary%20processes%20and%20the%20adaptability%20of%20populations.%22%2C%22genre%22%3A%22%22%2C%22repository%22%3A%22bioRxiv%22%2C%22archiveID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222026-04-02%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.64898%5C%2F2026.03.31.715612%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.biorxiv.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F10.64898%5C%2F2026.03.31.715612v1%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T12%3A05%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224PXGHVS5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Scherer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222026-02-27%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BScherer%2C%20U.%2C%20Ehlman%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wolf%2C%20M.%20%282026%29.%20Paternal%20effects%20without%20paternity%3F%20Testing%20non-genetic%20male%20influence%20on%20offspring%20size%20and%20brood%20size%20in%20a%20gynogenetic%20vertebrate%2C%20the%20Amazon%20molly%20%28Poecilia%20formosa%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPLOS%20ONE%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B21%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%20e0328962.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0328962%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0328962%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Paternal%20effects%20without%20paternity%3F%20Testing%20non-genetic%20male%20influence%20on%20offspring%20size%20and%20brood%20size%20in%20a%20gynogenetic%20vertebrate%2C%20the%20Amazon%20molly%20%28Poecilia%20formosa%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulrike%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scherer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sean%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ehlman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Max%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolf%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Paternal%20effects%2C%20i.e.%2C%20effects%20of%20fathers%20on%20the%20phenotype%20of%20their%20offspring%20that%20are%20not%20mediated%20by%20the%20transmission%20of%20alleles%2C%20are%20increasingly%20recognized%20as%20a%20potentially%20significant%20source%20of%20phenotypic%20variation%20across%20taxa%20%5Cu2013%20even%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20paternal%20care.%20Gynogenetic%20systems%2C%20which%20rely%20on%20sperm%20to%20trigger%20embryogenesis%20without%20incorporating%20male%20genetic%20material%2C%20provide%20a%20powerful%20way%20to%20experimentally%20isolate%20paternal%20effects%20from%20effects%20caused%20by%20the%20integration%20of%20male%20genetic%20material.%20Up%20to%20now%2C%20however%2C%20paternal%20effects%20remain%20largely%20unexplored%20in%20these%20systems.%20Here%2C%20we%20tested%20for%20non-genetic%20paternal%20effects%20in%20the%20gynogenetic%20Amazon%20molly%20%28Poecilia%20formosa%29%3A%20a%20naturally%20clonal%2C%20all-female%20species%20with%20no%20parental%20care.%20Using%20a%20highly%20controlled%20breeding%20experiment%20involving%2060%20Atlantic%20molly%20males%20%28Poecilia%20mexicana%29%20and%2054%20Amazon%20molly%20females%20from%20a%20single%20clonal%20lineage%2C%20we%20generated%20128%20broods%20and%202%2C435%20offspring.%20While%20males%20were%20drawn%20from%20a%20naturally%20variable%20stock%20population%2C%20females%20%5Cu2013%20next%20to%20being%20genetically%20identical%20%5Cu2013%20were%20standardized%20for%20age%2C%20size%2C%20descent%2C%20and%20developmental%20experience.%20We%20asked%20whether%20male%20identity%20or%20body%20size%20predicted%20offspring%20size%20%5Cu2013%20a%20key%20offspring%20phenotypic%20trait.%20We%20also%20asked%20whether%20male%20identity%20or%20body%20size%20predicted%20brood%20size.%20Male%20identity%20explained%20either%20no%20or%20only%20very%20small%20proportions%20of%20the%20variation%20in%20offspring%20or%20brood%20size.%20Larger%20males%20were%20weakly%20associated%20with%20larger%20offspring%2C%20but%20this%20effect%20was%20minimal%20%28partial%20R2%20~%201.5%25%29.%20However%2C%20these%20patterns%20did%20not%20hold%20consistently%20across%20all%20data%20exclusion%20criteria%20and%20analytical%20variants%2C%20underscoring%20their%20tentative%20nature%20and%20highlighting%20the%20need%20for%20further%20investigation.%20Our%20study%20offers%20one%20of%20the%20first%20empirical%20tests%20of%20male%20effects%20in%20a%20gynogenetic%20vertebrate%2C%20providing%20valuable%20quantitative%20benchmarks%20for%20the%20magnitude%20of%20such%20effects%20in%20gynogenetic%20systems.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2227.02.2026%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0328962%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.plos.org%5C%2Fplosone%5C%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0328962%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221932-6203%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T12%3A05%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224L7LLFKQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Scherer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222026-02-23%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BScherer%2C%20U.%2C%20Ehlman%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wolf%2C%20M.%20%282026%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BActivity%20during%20the%20first%20days%20of%20life%20predicts%20lifespan%20in%20a%20naturally%20clonal%20vertebrate%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20bioRxiv.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.64898%5C%2F2026.02.21.707185%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.64898%5C%2F2026.02.21.707185%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22preprint%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Activity%20during%20the%20first%20days%20of%20life%20predicts%20lifespan%20in%20a%20naturally%20clonal%20vertebrate%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulrike%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scherer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sean%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ehlman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Max%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolf%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Lifespan%20varies%20widely%20among%20individuals%2C%20yet%20the%20extent%20to%20which%20such%20variation%20persists%20when%20genetic%20and%20environmental%20differences%20are%20minimized%20remains%20unclear.%20Here%20we%20quantify%20such%20stochastic%20lifespan%20variation%20in%20a%20naturally%20clonal%20vertebrate%20and%20test%20whether%20and%20how%20this%20variation%20is%20linked%20to%20early-life%20behavioral%20individuality.%20We%20followed%20N%20%3D%2033%20genetically%20identical%20Amazon%20mollies%20%28Poecilia%20formosa%29%2C%20separated%20on%20day%201%20of%20their%20life%20into%20highly%20standardized%20environments%2C%20from%20birth%20to%20death.%20Despite%20genetic%20uniformity%20and%20environmental%20standardization%2C%20lifespan%20varies%20markedly%2C%20spanning%20502%20%5Cu2013%20826%20days.%20Continuous%20high-resolution%20behavioral%20tracking%20during%20the%20first%20four%20weeks%20of%20life%20reveals%20that%20seemingly%20stochastic%20early-life%20activity%20differences%20explain%2032.5%25%20of%20this%20variation.%20Higher%20activity%20predicts%20shorter%20lifespan%20during%20the%20first%20two%20weeks%2C%20but%20as%20activity%20levels%20and%20among-individual%20variation%20in%20activity%20decline%20over%20early%20development%2C%20a%20U-shaped%20relationship%20emerges%2C%20with%20both%20low-%20and%20high-activity%20individuals%20outliving%20those%20with%20intermediate%20activity.%20These%20findings%20show%20that%20signatures%20of%20lifespan%20emerge%20within%20days%20of%20birth%2C%20even%20among%20genetically%20identical%20individuals%2C%20highlighting%20developmental%20stochasticity%20and%20early-life%20contingencies%20as%20major%20contributors%20to%20variation%20in%20life-history%20outcomes.%22%2C%22genre%22%3A%22%22%2C%22repository%22%3A%22bioRxiv%22%2C%22archiveID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222026-02-23%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.64898%5C%2F2026.02.21.707185%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.biorxiv.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F10.64898%5C%2F2026.02.21.707185v1%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GYGPKL5M%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ehlman%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-09-19%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BEhlman%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Scherer%2C%20U.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20St%26%23xE4%3Brk%2C%20L.%2C%20Beese%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wolf%2C%20M.%20%282025%29.%20Developmental%20arcs%20of%20plasticity%20in%20whole%20movement%20repertoires%20of%20a%20clonal%20fish.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BiScience%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B28%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%289%29%2C%20113189.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.isci.2025.113189%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.isci.2025.113189%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Developmental%20arcs%20of%20plasticity%20in%20whole%20movement%20repertoires%20of%20a%20clonal%20fish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sean%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ehlman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulrike%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scherer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luka%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22St%5Cu00e4rk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marvin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beese%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Max%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolf%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Developmental%20plasticity%20at%20the%20behavioral%20repertoire%20level%20allows%20animals%20to%20incrementally%20adjust%20their%20behavioral%20phenotypes%20to%20match%20their%20environments%20through%20ontogeny.%20Quantifying%20this%20plasticity%20in%20sufficient%20resolution%20across%20substantial%20periods%20of%20development%2C%20however%2C%20has%20been%20challenging.%20Here%2C%20we%20use%20high-resolution%20tracking%20to%20monitor%2045%20genetically%20identical%20Amazon%20mollies%20%28Poecilia%20formosa%29%20reared%20in%20near-identical%20environments%20over%20their%20first%20four%20weeks%20of%20life.%20We%20analyze%20behavior%20at%200.2-s%20resolution%20to%20assess%20plasticity%20across%20entire%20behavioral%20repertoires.%20Testing%20a%20key%20prediction%20from%20Bayesian%20models%5Cu2014that%20plasticity%20should%20decline%20in%20stable%20environments%5Cu2014we%20measure%20plasticity%20using%20both%20individual%20behavioral%20metrics%20and%20a%20bespoke%20%5Cu201cbehavioral%20entropy%5Cu201d%20approach%20in%20a%20multi-dimensional%20phenotype%20space.%20Surprisingly%2C%20and%20despite%20closely%20conforming%20to%20model%20assumptions%2C%20we%20find%20a%20consistent%20initial%20two-week%20increase%20in%20movement%20plasticity%20before%20a%20decline.%20These%20results%20challenge%20expectations%20about%20how%20plasticity%20unfolds%20early%20in%20life%20and%20highlight%20the%20importance%20of%20continuous%20behavioral%20tracking%20for%20evaluating%20developmental%20theories.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-09-19%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.isci.2025.113189%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS2589004225014506%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222589-0042%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T12%3A02%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22E6CJE96V%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Pacher%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-07-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BPacher%2C%20K.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Sevinchan%2C%20Y.%2C%20Vollmoeller%2C%20C.%2C%20Juarez-Lopez%2C%20A.%2C%20Jim%26%23xE9%3Bnez-Jim%26%23xE9%3Bnez%2C%20J.%20E.%2C%20Krause%2C%20S.%2C%20Wolf%2C%20M.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20Arias-Rodr%26%23xED%3Bguez%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Krause%2C%20J.%20%282025%29.%20Better%20and%20faster%20decisions%20by%20larger%20fish%20shoals%20in%20the%20wild.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BScience%20Advances%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B11%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2831%29%2C%20eadt8600.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fsciadv.adt8600%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fsciadv.adt8600%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Better%20and%20faster%20decisions%20by%20larger%20fish%20shoals%20in%20the%20wild%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Korbinian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pacher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yunus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sevinchan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carla%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmoeller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alejandro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Juarez-Lopez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jes%5Cu00fas%20Emmanuel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jim%5Cu00e9nez-Jim%5Cu00e9nez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Max%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lenin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arias-Rodr%5Cu00edguez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Studies%20on%20collective%20cognition%20provide%20many%20examples%20of%20how%20the%20efficient%20spread%20of%20information%20within%20groups%20leads%20to%20benefits%20with%20increasing%20group%20size.%20However%2C%20little%20is%20known%20if%20groups%20also%20amplify%20maladaptive%20information%20such%20as%20false%20alarms%20and%20whether%20such%20costs%20reduce%20possible%20benefits.%20Here%2C%20we%20investigated%20wild%20fish%20shoals%20responding%20collectively%20with%20escape%20dives%20when%20attacked%20by%20birds.%20We%20analyzed%20the%20collective%20response%20in%20reaction%20to%20bird%20attacks%20and%20similar%20but%20harmless%20flybys%20as%20a%20function%20of%20shoal%20size.%20Larger%20shoals%20increasingly%20detected%20predator%20attacks%20%28i.e.%2C%20true%20positives%29%2C%20while%20their%20response%20facing%20harmless%20flybys%20%28i.e.%2C%20false%20alarms%29%20remained%20constant.%20Furthermore%2C%20decision%20time%20decreased%20with%20increasing%20shoal%20size.%20Larger%20shoals%20were%20thus%20able%20to%20simultaneously%20overcome%20two%20major%20trade-offs%20inherent%20in%20solitary%20decision-making%3A%20the%20trade-off%20between%20true%20and%20false%20positives%20and%20the%20trade-off%20between%20speed%20and%20accuracy.%20Our%20findings%20set%20the%20stage%20for%20the%20next%20generation%20of%20studies%20investigating%20the%20mechanisms%20underlying%20collective%20decision-making.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-07-30%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1126%5C%2Fsciadv.adt8600%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.science.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fsciadv.adt8600%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A12Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GX2F4LIQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bierbach%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-03-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Lukas%2C%20J.%2C%20G%26%23xF3%3Bmez-Nava%2C%20L.%2C%20Francisco%2C%20F.%20A.%2C%20Arias-Rodriguez%2C%20L.%2C%20Krause%2C%20S.%2C%20Pacher%2C%20K.%2C%20Sevinchan%2C%20Y.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Krause%2C%20J.%20%282025%29.%20Collective%20escape%20waves%20provide%20a%20generic%20defence%20against%20different%20avian%20predators.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BRoyal%20Society%20Open%20Science%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B12%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20241055.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsos.241055%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsos.241055%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Collective%20escape%20waves%20provide%20a%20generic%20defence%20against%20different%20avian%20predators%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22G%5Cu00f3mez-Nava%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fritz%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Francisco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lenin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arias-Rodriguez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Korbinian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pacher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yunus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sevinchan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20many%20animal%20species%2C%20collective%20behaviours%20can%20be%20explained%20by%20a%20simple%20set%20of%20interaction%20rules.%20It%20is%20an%20intriguing%20question%20whether%20this%20generality%20at%20the%20level%20of%20mechanism%20also%20translates%20into%20generality%20at%20the%20level%20of%20function.%20Assuming%20that%20collective%20behaviour%20provides%20antipredator%20benefits%20for%20the%20partaking%20individuals%2C%20we%20ask%20whether%20the%20same%20collective%20behaviour%20provides%20protection%20against%20different%20predators%20in%20general.%20We%20investigated%20this%20question%20in%20sulphur-adapted%20fishes%20in%20their%20natural%20habitats%20in%20Mexico.%20Here%2C%20fish%20schools%20are%20frequently%20attacked%20by%20many%20different%20bird%20species%20and%20fish%20respond%20with%20synchronized%20and%20often%20repeated%20collective%20diving%20behaviour%20%28escape%20waves%29.%20We%20found%20all%20bird%20species%20to%20wait%20longer%20until%20they%20attacked%20as%20they%20encountered%20more%20waves%2C%20both%20before%20they%20launched%20their%20first%20attack%20%28pre-attack%29%20and%20between%20subsequent%20attacks%20%28post-attack%29.%20Post-attack%2C%20all%20bird%20species%20triggered%20similarly%20high%20numbers%20of%20waves%20while%20species%20differed%20in%20the%20number%20and%20the%20interval%20between%20the%20waves%20they%20triggered%20pre-attack.%20Through%20simulated%20bird%20arrivals%2C%20we%20confirmed%20that%20birds%20in%20the%20pre-attack%20context%20could%20be%20perceived%20as%20less%20threatening%20or%20completely%20overlooked%2C%20depending%20on%20their%20size%2C%20colouration%20and%20contrast%20to%20the%20background.%20We%20argue%20that%20the%20generality%20in%20the%20fish%5Cu2019s%20collective%20response%20as%20well%20as%20the%20similarity%20in%20effect%20on%20the%20different%20birds%5Cu2019%20hunting%20behaviour%20might%20be%20explained%20by%20waves%20targeting%20a%20weakness%20in%20the%20visual%20processing%20ability%20common%20to%20different%20predators.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-03-12%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1098%5C%2Frsos.241055%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsos.241055%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222054-5703%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T12%3A04%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EYFM2AFL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sevinchan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BSevinchan%2C%20Y.%2C%20Vollmoeller%2C%20C.%2C%20Pacher%2C%20K.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Arias-Rodriguez%2C%20L.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%20%282025%29.%20Spatio-Temporal%20Dynamics%20of%26%23xA0%3BSocial%20Contagion%20in%26%23xA0%3BBio-inspired%20Interaction%20Networks.%20In%20O.%20Brock%20%26amp%3B%20J.%20Krichmar%20%28Eds.%29%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BFrom%20Animals%20to%20Animats%2017%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%28pp.%20133%26%23x2013%3B144%29.%20Springer%20Nature%20Switzerland.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-031-71533-4_10%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-031-71533-4_10%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22conferencePaper%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Spatio-Temporal%20Dynamics%20of%5Cu00a0Social%20Contagion%20in%5Cu00a0Bio-inspired%20Interaction%20Networks%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yunus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sevinchan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carla%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmoeller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Korbinian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pacher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lenin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arias-Rodriguez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Oliver%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeffrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krichmar%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20collective%20biological%20systems%2C%20social%20contagion%20processes%20play%20an%20important%20role%20in%20evaluating%20and%20processing%20information%20on%20the%20level%20of%20the%20collective.%20These%20group-level%20abilities%20typically%20arise%20from%20individual-level%20mechanisms%5Cu00a0and%20through%20local%20interactions.%20We%20are%20interested%20in%20the%20role%20of%5Cu00a0these%20mechanisms%20and%20their%20effect%20on%20the%20system%5Cu2019s%20response%5Cu00a0to%20environmental%20inputs.%22%2C%22proceedingsTitle%22%3A%22From%20Animals%20to%20Animats%2017%22%2C%22conferenceName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025%22%2C%22eventPlace%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2F978-3-031-71533-4_10%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-3-031-71533-4%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T12%3A01%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BT2TKEH3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bierbach%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Schutz%2C%20C.%2C%20Scherer%2C%20U.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Pacher%2C%20K.%20%282025%29.%20Standards%20for%20scienti%26%23xFB01%3Bc%20%26%23xFB01%3Bsh%20keeping%3A%20Poeciliid%20%26%23xFB01%3Bshes%20with%20special%20focus%20on%20the%20guppy%20%28Poecilia%20reticulata%29%20and%20mollies%20%28P.%20mexicana%2C%20P.%20latipinna%2C%20P.%20formosa%2C%20Cyprinodontiformes%2C%20Poeciliidae%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBulletin%20of%20Fish%20Biology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%2071%26%23x2013%3B85.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Standards%20for%20scienti%5Cufb01c%20%5Cufb01sh%20keeping%3A%20Poeciliid%20%5Cufb01shes%20with%20special%20focus%20on%20the%20guppy%20%28Poecilia%20reticulata%29%20and%20mollies%20%28P.%20mexicana%2C%20P.%20latipinna%2C%20P.%20formosa%2C%20Cyprinodontiformes%2C%20Poeciliidae%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christopher%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schutz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulrike%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scherer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Korbinian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pacher%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Members%20of%20the%20family%20Poeciliidae%20are%20widely%20used%20as%20model%20organisms%20in%20several%20scienti%5Cufb01c%20%5Cufb01elds.%20There%20are%20more%20than%20250%20species%20of%20poeciliid%20%5Cufb01shes%20recognized%20so%20far%2C%20belonging%20to%2022%5Cu201328%20genera.%20Most%20prominent%20examples%20used%20for%20scienti%5Cufb01c%20purposes%20are%20the%20guppy%20%28Poecilia%20reticulata%29%2C%20members%20of%20the%20genus%20Xiphophorus%2C%20mollies%20%28Poecilia%20%28Mollienesia%29%20spp.%29%20and%20mosquito%5Cufb01sh%20%28Gambusia%20spp.%29.%20Here%20we%20provide%20standard%20rearing%20and%20husbandry%20recommendations%20based%20on%20our%20own%20long-term%20experiences%20as%20well%20as%20scienti%5Cufb01c%20literature%20with%20a%20special%20focus%20on%20the%20guppy%20and%20three%20different%20molly%20species.%20We%20provide%20general%20recommendations%20that%20apply%20for%20several%20species%20with%20similar%20needs%2C%20and%20we%20indicate%20species-speci%5Cufb01c%20specialties.%20We%20introduce%20two%20standard%20protocols%20%28Berlin%20Poeciliid%20Standard%201%20and%202%2C%20abbreviation%20BPS1%20and%20BPS2%29%20that%20cover%20most%20used%20rearing%20and%20breeding%20techniques%20and%20are%20thus%20aimed%20at%20facilitating%20communication%20within%20and%20among%20communities%20that%20work%20with%20poeciliids%20in%20captivity.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-18T08%3A01%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22I73CLMT8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Pacher%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-02-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BPacher%2C%20K.%2C%20Hern%26%23xE1%3Bndez-Rom%26%23xE1%3Bn%2C%20N.%2C%20Juarez-Lopez%2C%20A.%2C%20Jim%26%23xE9%3Bnez-Jim%26%23xE9%3Bnez%2C%20J.%20E.%2C%20Lukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Sevinchan%2C%20Y.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20Arias-Rodr%26%23xED%3Bguez%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%20%282024%29.%20Thermal%20tolerance%20in%20an%20extremophile%20fish%20from%20Mexico%20is%20not%20affected%20by%20environmental%20hypoxia.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBiology%20Open%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B13%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%20bio060223.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fbio.060223%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fbio.060223%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Thermal%20tolerance%20in%20an%20extremophile%20fish%20from%20Mexico%20is%20not%20affected%20by%20environmental%20hypoxia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Korbinian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pacher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hern%5Cu00e1ndez-Rom%5Cu00e1n%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alejandro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Juarez-Lopez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jes%5Cu00fas%20Emmanuel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jim%5Cu00e9nez-Jim%5Cu00e9nez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yunus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sevinchan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lenin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arias-Rodr%5Cu00edguez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22ABSTRACT%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20The%20thermal%20ecology%20of%20ectotherm%20animals%20has%20gained%20considerable%20attention%20in%20the%20face%20of%20human-induced%20climate%20change.%20Particularly%20in%20aquatic%20species%2C%20the%20experimental%20assessment%20of%20critical%20thermal%20limits%20%28CTmin%20and%20CTmax%29%20may%20help%20to%20predict%20possible%20effects%20of%20global%20warming%20on%20habitat%20suitability%20and%20ultimately%20species%20survival.%20Here%20we%20present%20data%20on%20the%20thermal%20limits%20of%20two%20endemic%20and%20endangered%20extremophile%20fish%20species%2C%20inhabiting%20a%20geothermally%20heated%20and%20sulfur-rich%20spring%20system%20in%20southern%20Mexico%3A%20The%20sulfur%20molly%20%28Poecilia%20sulphuraria%29%20and%20the%20widemouth%20gambusia%20%28Gambusia%20eurystoma%29.%20Besides%20physiological%20challenges%20induced%20by%20toxic%20hydrogen%20sulfide%20and%20related%20severe%20hypoxia%20during%20the%20day%2C%20water%20temperatures%20have%20been%20previously%20reported%20to%20exceed%20those%20of%20nearby%20clearwater%20streams.%20We%20now%20present%20temperature%20data%20for%20various%20locations%20and%20years%20in%20the%20sulfur%20spring%20complex%20and%20conducted%20laboratory%20thermal%20tolerance%20tests%20%28CTmin%20and%20CTmax%29%20both%20under%20normoxic%20and%20severe%20hypoxic%20conditions%20in%20both%20species.%20Average%20CTmax%20limits%20did%20not%20differ%20between%20species%20when%20dissolved%20oxygen%20was%20present.%20However%2C%20critical%20temperature%20%28CTmax%3D43.2%5Cu00b0C%29%20in%20P.%20sulphuraria%20did%20not%20change%20when%20tested%20under%20hypoxic%20conditions%2C%20while%20G.%20eurystoma%20on%20average%20had%20a%20lower%20CTmax%20when%20oxygen%20was%20absent.%20Based%20on%20this%20data%20we%20calculated%20both%20species%26%23039%3B%20thermal%20safety%20margins%20and%20used%20a%20TDT%20%28thermal%20death%20time%29%20model%20framework%20to%20relate%20our%20experimental%20data%20to%20observed%20temperatures%20in%20the%20natural%20habitat.%20Our%20findings%20suggest%20that%20both%20species%20live%20near%20their%20thermal%20limits%20during%20the%20annual%20dry%20season%20and%20are%20locally%20already%20exposed%20to%20temperatures%20above%20their%20critical%20thermal%20limits.%20We%20discuss%20these%20findings%20in%20the%20light%20of%20possible%20physiological%20adaptions%20of%20the%20sulfur-adapted%20fish%20species%20and%20the%20anthropogenic%20threats%20for%20this%20unique%20system.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-02-15%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1242%5C%2Fbio.060223%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.biologists.com%5C%2Fbio%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F13%5C%2F2%5C%2Fbio060223%5C%2F342708%5C%2FThermal-tolerance-in-an-extremophile-fish-from%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222046-6390%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A55%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SN592QD4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Musiolek%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMusiolek%2C%20L.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Weimar%2C%20N.%2C%20Hamon%2C%20M.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hafner%2C%20V.%20V.%20%282024%29.%20Evolving%20Artificial%20Neural%20Networks%20for%26%23xA0%3BSimulating%20Fish%20Social%20Interactions.%20In%20S.%20Smith%2C%20J.%20Correia%2C%20%26amp%3B%20C.%20Cintrano%20%28Eds.%29%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BApplications%20of%20Evolutionary%20Computation%20%28EvoApplications%202024%29%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%28pp.%20146%26%23x2013%3B161%29.%20Springer%20Nature%20Switzerland.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-031-56852-7_10%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-031-56852-7_10%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22conferencePaper%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Evolving%20Artificial%20Neural%20Networks%20for%5Cu00a0Simulating%20Fish%20Social%20Interactions%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musiolek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nils%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weimar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Myriam%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Verena%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hafner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stephen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jo%5Cu00e3o%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Correia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cintrano%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Can%20we%20use%20computational%20modeling%20to%20infer%20whether%20fish%20can%20remember%20or%20anticipate%20each%20other%5Cu2019s%20movements%3F%20What%20minimum%20of%20temporal%20input%20and%20internal%20complexity%20is%20sufficient%20to%20model%20a%20specific%20fish%2C%20or%20to%20produce%20generally%20%5Cu201cfish-like%5Cu201d%20behavior%3F%20Agent-based%20modeling%20to%20emulate%20biological%20behavior%20has%20been%20used%20to%20great%20effect%2C%20both%20in%20real-world%20and%20simulated%20experiments.%20We%20present%20feedforward%20neural%20network%20architectures%20for%20simulating%20fish%20social%20interactions%2C%20evolved%20using%20evolution%20strategies%20in%20two%20different%20experiments.%20Evolution%20of%20the%20temporal%20input%20of%20the%20partner%20fish%5Cu2019s%20position%20when%20testing%20models%20on%20labeled%20data%20uncovers%20anticipation%20or%20memory%20capacities%20used%20by%20a%20focal%20fish.%20When%20testing%20via%20a%20general%20discriminator%20for%20fish-like%20trajectories%2C%20the%20right%20neural%20network%20architecture%20and%20temporal%20input%20are%20shown%20to%20be%20a%20necessary%2C%20but%20insufficient%20condition%20for%20highly%20lifelike%20simulations.%20Lifelike%20simulations%20for%20some%20datasets%20are%20possible%20as%20simple%20functions%20of%20the%20input%2C%20showing%20variability%20in%20the%20complexity%20of%20individual%20fish%5Cu2019s%20social%20behaviors.%22%2C%22proceedingsTitle%22%3A%22Applications%20of%20Evolutionary%20Computation%20%28EvoApplications%202024%29%22%2C%22conferenceName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024%22%2C%22eventPlace%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2F978-3-031-56852-7_10%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-3-031-56852-7%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T12%3A00%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NXM46UC6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sevinchan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BSevinchan%2C%20Y.%2C%20Vollmoeller%2C%20C.%2C%20Pacher%2C%20K.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%20%282024%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BContext-dependent%20self-tuning%20of%20distance%20to%20criticality%20in%20large%20fish%20shoals%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%5BTalk%5D.%20DPG%20Spring%20Meeting%202024%2C%20SKM.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22presentation%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Context-dependent%20self-tuning%20of%20distance%20to%20criticality%20in%20large%20fish%20shoals%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yunus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sevinchan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carla%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vollmoeller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Korbinian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pacher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024%22%2C%22sessionTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-17T06%3A59%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229DT44W2T%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Scherer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-11-25%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BScherer%2C%20U.%2C%20Laskowski%2C%20K.%2C%20Kressler%2C%20M.%2C%20Ehlman%2C%20S.%2C%20Wolf%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%20%282023%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPerceived%20predation%20risk%20affects%20the%20development%20of%20among-individual%20behavioral%20variation%20in%20a%20naturally%20clonal%20freshwater%20fish%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Animal%20Behavior%20and%20Cognition.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2F2023.11.25.568653%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2F2023.11.25.568653%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22preprint%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Perceived%20predation%20risk%20affects%20the%20development%20of%20among-individual%20behavioral%20variation%20in%20a%20naturally%20clonal%20freshwater%20fish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22U%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scherer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laskowski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kressler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ehlman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22ABSTRACT%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Predation%20risk%20is%20a%20key%20driver%20of%20natural%20selection%2C%20influencing%20various%20aspects%20of%20prey%20behavior.%20While%20many%20studies%20focus%20on%20how%20predation%20risk%20affects%20average%20behavior%20at%20population%20level%2C%20less%20attention%20has%20been%20given%20to%20its%20potential%20impact%20on%20behavioral%20variation%20within%20prey%20populations.%20Here%2C%20we%20investigate%20the%20effect%20of%20perceived%20predation%20risk%20on%20among-individual%20behavioral%20variation%20in%20naturally%20clonal%20Amazon%20mollies.%20Juveniles%20were%20raised%20in%20two%20groups%3A%20one%20exposed%20to%20a%20predator%20during%20feeding%20%28visual%20cues%20only%29%20and%20the%20other%20one%20serving%20as%20a%20control%20group.%20We%20observed%20activity%20and%20feeding%20behavior%20%28time%20spent%20feeding%2C%20visits%20to%20feeding%20spot%29%20over%20a%20four-week%20period.%20%28I%29%20Individuals%20in%20the%20predator-exposed%20group%20were%20on%20average%20less%20active%20but%20there%20was%20no%20difference%20in%20average%20feeding%20behavior%20between%20the%20two%20groups%2C%20suggesting%20individuals%20strategically%20respond%20to%20threats%20based%20on%20behavior-specific%20cost-benefit%20trade-offs.%20%28II%29%20Among-individual%20behavioral%20variation%20was%20affected%20by%20perceived%20predation%20risk%3A%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20the%20predator%2C%20individuals%20developed%20pronounced%20differences%20in%20the%20time%20spent%20feeding%20while%20no%20such%20development%20was%20observed%20in%20the%20predator-exposed%20group.%20This%20result%20has%20the%20potential%20of%20affecting%20a%20wide%20range%20of%20fitness-relevant%20intraspecific%20interactions%20if%20lower%20among-individual%20feeding%20variation%20translate%20into%20reduced%20sizes%20differences.%20The%20presence%20of%20the%20predator%20initially%20reduced%20among-individual%20variation%20in%20activity%20and%20visits%20to%20the%20feeding%20spot%2C%20but%20these%20differences%20did%20not%20persist%20over%20time.%20Our%20findings%20highlight%20the%20importance%20of%20considering%20both%20population-level%20and%20individual-level%20responses%20to%20predation%20risk%20for%20a%20more%20comprehensive%20understanding%20of%20its%20ecological%20and%20evolutionary%20consequences.%22%2C%22genre%22%3A%22%22%2C%22repository%22%3A%22Animal%20Behavior%20and%20Cognition%22%2C%22archiveID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-11-25%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1101%5C%2F2023.11.25.568653%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbiorxiv.org%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2F2023.11.25.568653%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A55%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224JBYM24V%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Scherer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-11-24%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BScherer%2C%20U.%2C%20Ehlman%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wolf%2C%20M.%20%282023%29.%20Reproductive%20individuality%20of%20clonal%20fish%20raised%20in%20near-identical%20environments%20and%20its%20link%20to%20early-life%20behavioral%20individuality.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BNature%20Communications%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B14%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%207652.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-023-43069-6%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-023-43069-6%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Reproductive%20individuality%20of%20clonal%20fish%20raised%20in%20near-identical%20environments%20and%20its%20link%20to%20early-life%20behavioral%20individuality%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulrike%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scherer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sean%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ehlman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Max%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolf%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Recent%20studies%20have%20documented%20among-individual%20phenotypic%20variation%20that%20emerges%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20apparent%20genetic%20and%20environmental%20differences%2C%20but%20it%20remains%20an%20open%20question%20whether%20such%20seemingly%20stochastic%20variation%20has%20fitness%20consequences.%20We%20perform%20a%20life-history%20experiment%20with%20naturally%20clonal%20fish%2C%20separated%20directly%20after%20birth%20into%20near-identical%20%28i.e.%2C%20highly%20standardized%29%20environments%2C%20quantifying%202522%20offspring%20from%20152%20broods%20over%20280%5Cu2009days.%20We%20find%20that%20%28i%29%20individuals%20differ%20consistently%20in%20the%20size%20of%20offspring%20and%20broods%20produced%20over%20consecutive%20broods%2C%20%28ii%29%20these%20differences%20are%20observed%20even%20when%20controlling%20for%20trade-offs%20between%20brood%20size%2C%20offspring%20size%20and%20reproductive%20onset%2C%20indicating%20individual%20differences%20in%20life-history%20productivity%20and%20%28iii%29%20early-life%20behavioral%20individuality%20in%20activity%20and%20feeding%20patterns%2C%20with%20among-individual%20differences%20in%20feeding%20being%20predictive%20of%20growth%2C%20and%20consequently%20offspring%20size.%20Thus%2C%20our%20study%20provides%20experimental%20evidence%20that%20even%20when%20minimizing%20genetic%20and%20environmental%20differences%2C%20systematic%20individual%20differences%20in%20life-history%20measures%20and%20ultimately%20fitness%20can%20emerge.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-11-24%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41467-023-43069-6%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41467-023-43069-6%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222041-1723%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A55%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BHW52Z2D%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lukas%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-04-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20Tr%26%23xE4%3Bger%2C%20A.%20S.%2C%20Piotrowski%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20Sprekeler%2C%20H.%2C%20Arias-Rodriguez%2C%20L.%2C%20Krause%2C%20S.%2C%20Schutz%2C%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%20%282023%29.%20Multispecies%20collective%20waving%20behaviour%20in%20fish.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPhilosophical%20Transactions%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society%20B%3A%20Biological%20Sciences%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B378%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281874%29%2C%2020220069.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frstb.2022.0069%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frstb.2022.0069%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Multispecies%20collective%20waving%20behaviour%20in%20fish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Arabella%20Sophie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tr%5Cu00e4ger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jonas%20Marc%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Piotrowski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Henning%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sprekeler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lenin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arias-Rodriguez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christopher%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schutz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Collective%20behaviour%20is%20widely%20accepted%20to%20provide%20a%20variety%20of%20antipredator%20benefits.%20Acting%20collectively%20requires%20not%20only%20strong%20coordination%20among%20group%20members%2C%20but%20also%20the%20integration%20of%20among-individual%20phenotypic%20variation.%20Therefore%2C%20groups%20composed%20of%20more%20than%20one%20species%20offer%20a%20unique%20opportunity%20to%20look%20into%20the%20evolution%20of%20both%20mechanistic%20and%20functional%20aspects%20of%20collective%20behaviour.%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20data%20on%20mixed-species%20fish%20shoals%20that%20perform%20collective%20dives.%20These%20repeated%20dives%20produce%20water%20waves%20capable%20of%20delaying%20and%5C%2For%20reducing%20the%20success%20of%20piscivorous%20bird%20attacks.%20The%20large%20majority%20of%20the%20fish%20in%20these%20shoals%20consist%20of%20the%20sulphur%20molly%2C%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Poecilia%20sulphuraria%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20but%20we%20regularly%20also%20found%20a%20second%20species%2C%20the%20widemouth%20gambusia%2C%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Gambusia%20eurystoma%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20making%20these%20shoals%20mixed-species%20aggregations.%20In%20a%20set%20of%20laboratory%20experiments%2C%20we%20found%20that%20gambusia%20were%20much%20less%20inclined%20to%20dive%20after%20an%20attack%20as%20compared%20with%20mollies%2C%20which%20almost%20always%20dive%2C%20though%20mollies%20dived%20less%20deep%20when%20paired%20with%20gambusia%20that%20did%20not%20dive.%20By%20contrast%2C%20the%20behaviour%20of%20gambusia%20was%20not%20influenced%20by%20the%20presence%20of%20diving%20mollies.%20The%20dampening%20effect%20of%20less%20responsive%20gambusia%20on%20molly%20diving%20behaviour%20can%20have%20strong%20evolutionary%20consequences%20on%20the%20overall%20collective%20waving%20behaviour%20as%20we%20expect%20shoals%20with%20a%20high%20proportion%20of%20unresponsive%20gambusia%20to%20be%20less%20effective%20at%20producing%20repeated%20waves.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20This%20article%20is%20part%20of%20a%20discussion%20meeting%20issue%20%5Cu2018Collective%20behaviour%20through%20time%5Cu2019.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-04-10%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1098%5C%2Frstb.2022.0069%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frstb.2022.0069%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220962-8436%2C%201471-2970%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A53%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SJLRZUK7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ehlman%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-02-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BEhlman%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Scherer%2C%20U.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Francisco%2C%20F.%20A.%2C%20Laskowski%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wolf%2C%20M.%20%282023%29.%20Leveraging%20big%20data%20to%20uncover%20the%20eco-evolutionary%20factors%20shaping%20behavioural%20development.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BProceedings%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society%20B%3A%20Biological%20Sciences%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B290%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281992%29%2C%2020222115.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frspb.2022.2115%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frspb.2022.2115%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Leveraging%20big%20data%20to%20uncover%20the%20eco-evolutionary%20factors%20shaping%20behavioural%20development%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sean%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ehlman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulrike%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scherer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fritz%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Francisco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kate%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laskowski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Max%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolf%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Mapping%20the%20eco-evolutionary%20factors%20shaping%20the%20development%20of%20animals%5Cu2019%20behavioural%20phenotypes%20remains%20a%20great%20challenge.%20Recent%20advances%20in%20%5Cu2018big%20behavioural%20data%5Cu2019%20research%5Cu2014the%20high-resolution%20tracking%20of%20individuals%20and%20the%20harnessing%20of%20that%20data%20with%20powerful%20analytical%20tools%5Cu2014have%20vastly%20improved%20our%20ability%20to%20measure%20and%20model%20developing%20behavioural%20phenotypes.%20Applied%20to%20the%20study%20of%20behavioural%20ontogeny%2C%20the%20unfolding%20of%20whole%20behavioural%20repertoires%20can%20be%20mapped%20in%20unprecedented%20detail%20with%20relative%20ease.%20This%20overcomes%20long-standing%20experimental%20bottlenecks%20and%20heralds%20a%20surge%20of%20studies%20that%20more%20finely%20define%20and%20explore%20behavioural%5Cu2013experiential%20trajectories%20across%20development.%20In%20this%20review%2C%20we%20first%20provide%20a%20brief%20guide%20to%20state-of-the-art%20approaches%20that%20allow%20the%20collection%20and%20analysis%20of%20high-resolution%20behavioural%20data%20across%20development.%20We%20then%20outline%20how%20such%20approaches%20can%20be%20used%20to%20address%20key%20issues%20regarding%20the%20ecological%20and%20evolutionary%20factors%20shaping%20behavioural%20development%3A%20developmental%20feedbacks%20between%20behaviour%20and%20underlying%20states%2C%20early%20life%20effects%20and%20behavioural%20transitions%2C%20and%20information%20integration%20across%20development.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-02-08%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1098%5C%2Frspb.2022.2115%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frspb.2022.2115%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220962-8452%2C%201471-2954%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BN8Y4DL9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22G%5Cu00f3mez-Nava%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BG%26%23xF3%3Bmez-Nava%2C%20L.%2C%20Lange%2C%20R.%20T.%2C%20Klamser%2C%20P.%20P.%2C%20Lukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Arias-Rodriguez%2C%20L.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20Sprekeler%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%20%282023%29.%20Fish%20shoals%20resemble%20a%20stochastic%20excitable%20system%20driven%20by%20environmental%20perturbations.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BNature%20Physics%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B19%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%285%29%2C%20663%26%23x2013%3B669.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41567-022-01916-1%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41567-022-01916-1%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Fish%20shoals%20resemble%20a%20stochastic%20excitable%20system%20driven%20by%20environmental%20perturbations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22G%5Cu00f3mez-Nava%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lange%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pascal%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klamser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lenin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arias-Rodriguez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Henning%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sprekeler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Groups%20of%20animals%20can%20perform%20highly%20coordinated%20collective%20behaviours%20that%20confer%20benefits%20to%20the%20participating%20individuals%20by%20facilitating%20social%20information%20exchange%20and%20protection%20from%20predators%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%201%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20Some%20of%20these%20characteristics%20could%20arise%20when%20groups%20operate%20at%20critical%20points%20between%20two%20structurally%20and%20functionally%20different%20states%2C%20leading%20to%20maximal%20responsiveness%20to%20external%20stimuli%20and%20effective%20propagation%20of%20information%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%2C3%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20It%20has%20been%20proposed%20that%20animal%20groups%20constitute%20examples%20of%20self-organized%20systems%20at%20criticality%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%2C3%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3B%20however%2C%20direct%20empirical%20evidence%20of%20this%20hypothesis%5Cu2014in%20particular%20in%20the%20wild%5Cu2014is%20mostly%20absent.%20Here%20we%20show%20that%20highly%20conspicuous%2C%20repetitive%20and%20rhythmic%20collective%20dive%20cascades%20produced%20by%20many%20thousands%20of%20freshwater%20fish%20under%20high%20predation%20risk%20resemble%20a%20stochastic%20excitable%20system%20driven%20by%20environmental%20perturbations.%20Together%20with%20the%20results%20of%20an%20agent-based%20model%20of%20the%20system%2C%20this%20suggests%20that%20these%20fish%20shoals%20might%20operate%20at%20a%20critical%20point%20between%20a%20state%20of%20high%20individual%20diving%20activity%20and%20low%20overall%20diving%20activity.%20We%20show%20that%20the%20best%20fitting%20model%2C%20which%20is%20located%20at%20a%20critical%20point%2C%20allows%20information%20about%20external%20perturbations%5Cu2014such%20as%20predator%20attacks%5Cu2014to%20propagate%20most%20effectively%20through%20the%20shoal.%20Our%20results%20suggest%20that%20criticality%20might%20be%20a%20plausible%20principle%20of%20distributed%20information%20processing%20in%20large%20animal%20collectives.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2205%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41567-022-01916-1%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41567-022-01916-1%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221745-2473%2C%201745-2481%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NPNXYZUE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sevinchan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BSevinchan%2C%20Y.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20G%26%23xF3%3Bmez-Nava%2C%20L.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%20%282023%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BSelf-organized%20Criticality%20in%20Animal%20Collectives%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%5BPoster%5D.%20DPG%20Spring%20Meeting%202023%2C%20SKM.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22presentation%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Self-organized%20Criticality%20in%20Animal%20Collectives%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yunus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sevinchan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22G%5Cu00f3mez-Nava%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22sessionTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-17T06%3A58%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HP8BSDS9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bierbach%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-11-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20G%26%23xF3%3Bmez-Nava%2C%20L.%2C%20Francisco%2C%20F.%20A.%2C%20Lukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Musiolek%2C%20L.%2C%20Hafner%2C%20V.%20V.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Krause%2C%20J.%20%282022%29.%20Live%20fish%20learn%20to%20anticipate%20the%20movement%20of%20a%20fish-like%20robot%26lt%3Bsup%26gt%3B%2A%26lt%3B%5C%2Fsup%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBioinspiration%20%26amp%3B%20Biomimetics%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B17%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%286%29%2C%20065007.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-3190%5C%2Fac8e3e%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-3190%5C%2Fac8e3e%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Live%20fish%20learn%20to%20anticipate%20the%20movement%20of%20a%20fish-like%20robot%3Csup%3E%2A%3C%5C%2Fsup%3E%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22G%5Cu00f3mez-Nava%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fritz%20A%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Francisco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musiolek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Verena%20V%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hafner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20The%20ability%20of%20an%20individual%20to%20predict%20the%20outcome%20of%20the%20actions%20of%20others%20and%20to%20change%20their%20own%20behavior%20adaptively%20is%20called%20anticipation.%20There%20are%20many%20examples%20from%20mammalian%20species%5Cu2014including%20humans%5Cu2014that%20show%20anticipatory%20abilities%20in%20a%20social%20context%2C%20however%2C%20it%20is%20not%20clear%20to%20what%20extent%20fishes%20can%20anticipate%20the%20actions%20of%20their%20interaction%20partners%20or%20what%20the%20underlying%20mechanisms%20are%20for%20that%20anticipation.%20To%20answer%20these%20questions%2C%20we%20let%20live%20guppies%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Poecilia%20reticulata%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20interact%20repeatedly%20with%20an%20open-loop%20%28noninteractive%29%20biomimetic%20robot%20that%20has%20previously%20been%20shown%20to%20be%20an%20accepted%20conspecific.%20The%20robot%20always%20performed%20the%20same%20zigzag%20trajectory%20in%20the%20experimental%20tank%20that%20ended%20in%20one%20of%20the%20corners%2C%20giving%20the%20live%20fish%20the%20opportunity%20to%20learn%20both%20the%20location%20of%20the%20final%20destination%20as%20well%20as%20the%20specific%20turning%20movement%20of%20the%20robot%20over%20three%20consecutive%20trials.%20The%20live%20fish%5Cu2019s%20reactions%20were%20categorized%20into%20a%20global%20anticipation%2C%20which%20we%20defined%20as%20relative%20time%20to%20reach%20the%20robot%5Cu2019s%20final%20corner%2C%20and%20a%20local%20anticipation%20which%20was%20the%20relative%20time%20and%20location%20of%20the%20live%20fish%5Cu2019s%20turns%20relative%20to%20robofish%20turns.%20As%20a%20proxy%20for%20global%20anticipation%2C%20we%20found%20that%20live%20fish%20in%20the%20last%20trial%20reached%20the%20robot%5Cu2019s%20destination%20corner%20significantly%20earlier%20than%20the%20robot.%20Overall%2C%20more%20than%2050%25%20of%20all%20fish%20arrived%20at%20the%20destination%20before%20the%20robot.%20This%20is%20more%20than%20a%20random%20walk%20model%20would%20predict%20and%20significantly%20more%20compared%20to%20all%20other%20equidistant%2C%20yet%20unvisited%2C%20corners.%20As%20a%20proxy%20for%20local%20anticipation%2C%20we%20found%20fish%20change%20their%20turning%20behavior%20in%20response%20to%20the%20robot%20over%20the%20course%20of%20the%20trials.%20Initially%2C%20the%20fish%20would%20turn%20after%20the%20robot%2C%20which%20was%20reversed%20in%20the%20end%2C%20as%20they%20began%20to%20turn%20slightly%20before%20the%20robot%20in%20the%20final%20trial.%20Our%20results%20indicate%20that%20live%20fish%20are%20able%20to%20anticipate%20predictably%20behaving%20social%20partners%20both%20in%20regard%20to%20final%20movement%20locations%20as%20well%20as%20movement%20dynamics.%20Given%20that%20fish%20have%20been%20found%20to%20exhibit%20consistent%20behavioral%20differences%2C%20anticipation%20in%20fish%20could%20have%20evolved%20as%20a%20mechanism%20to%20adapt%20to%20different%20social%20interaction%20partners.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-11-01%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1088%5C%2F1748-3190%5C%2Fac8e3e%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fiopscience.iop.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-3190%5C%2Fac8e3e%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221748-3182%2C%201748-3190%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A50%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NETMCLB8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Laskowski%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-10-28%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLaskowski%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Jolles%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Doran%2C%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wolf%2C%20M.%20%282022%29.%20The%20emergence%20and%20development%20of%20behavioral%20individuality%20in%20clonal%20fish.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BNature%20Communications%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B13%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%206419.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-022-34113-y%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-022-34113-y%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20emergence%20and%20development%20of%20behavioral%20individuality%20in%20clonal%20fish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kate%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laskowski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jolle%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jolles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carolina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doran%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Max%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolf%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Behavioral%20individuality%20is%20a%20ubiquitous%20phenomenon%20in%20animal%20populations%2C%20yet%20the%20origins%20and%20developmental%20trajectories%20of%20individuality%2C%20especially%20very%20early%20in%20life%2C%20are%20still%20a%20black%20box.%20Using%20a%20high-resolution%20tracking%20system%2C%20we%20mapped%20the%20behavioral%20trajectories%20of%20genetically%20identical%20fish%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Poecilia%20formosa%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%2C%20separated%20immediately%20after%20birth%20into%20identical%20environments%2C%20over%20the%20first%2010%20weeks%20of%20their%20life%20at%203%5Cu2009s%20resolution.%20We%20find%20that%20%28i%29%20strong%20behavioral%20individuality%20is%20present%20at%20the%20very%20first%20day%20after%20birth%2C%20%28ii%29%20behavioral%20differences%20at%20day%201%20of%20life%20predict%20behavior%20up%20to%20at%20least%2010%20weeks%20later%2C%20and%20%28iii%29%20patterns%20of%20individuality%20strengthen%20gradually%20over%20developmental%20time.%20Our%20results%20establish%20a%20null%20model%20for%20how%20behavioral%20individuality%20can%20develop%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20genetic%20and%20environmental%20variation%20and%20provide%20experimental%20evidence%20that%20later-in-life%20individuality%20can%20be%20strongly%20shaped%20by%20factors%20pre-dating%20birth%20like%20maternal%20provisioning%2C%20epigenetics%20and%20pre-birth%20developmental%20stochasticity.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-10-28%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41467-022-34113-y%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41467-022-34113-y%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222041-1723%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A51%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2222LHZNJA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Makowicz%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-07-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMakowicz%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Richardson%2C%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hughes%2C%20K.%20A.%20%282022%29.%20Cascading%20indirect%20genetic%20effects%20in%20a%20clonal%20vertebrate.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BProceedings%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society%20B%3A%20Biological%20Sciences%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B289%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281978%29%2C%2020220731.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frspb.2022.0731%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frspb.2022.0731%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Cascading%20indirect%20genetic%20effects%20in%20a%20clonal%20vertebrate%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amber%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Makowicz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Richardson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kimberly%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hughes%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Understanding%20how%20individual%20differences%20arise%20and%20how%20their%20effects%20propagate%20through%20groups%20are%20fundamental%20issues%20in%20biology.%20Individual%20differences%20can%20arise%20from%20indirect%20genetic%20effects%20%28IGE%29%3A%20genetically%20based%20variation%20in%20the%20conspecifics%20with%20which%20an%20individual%20interacts.%20Using%20a%20clonal%20species%2C%20the%20Amazon%20molly%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Poecilia%20formosa%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%2C%20we%20test%20the%20hypothesis%20that%20IGE%20can%20propagate%20to%20influence%20phenotypes%20of%20the%20individuals%20that%20do%20not%20experience%20them%20firsthand.%20We%20tested%20this%20by%20exposing%20genetically%20identical%20Amazon%20mollies%20to%20conspecific%20social%20partners%20of%20different%20clonal%20lineages%2C%20and%20then%20moving%20these%20focal%20individuals%20to%20new%20social%20groups%20in%20which%20they%20were%20the%20only%20member%20to%20have%20experienced%20the%20IGE.%20We%20found%20that%20genetically%20different%20social%20environments%20resulted%20in%20the%20focal%20animals%20experiencing%20different%20levels%20of%20aggression%2C%20and%20that%20these%20IGE%20carried%20over%20into%20new%20social%20groups%20to%20influence%20the%20behaviour%20of%20naive%20individuals.%20These%20data%20reveal%20that%20IGE%20can%20cascade%20beyond%20the%20individuals%20that%20experience%20them.%20Opportunity%20for%20cascading%20IGE%20is%20ubiquitous%2C%20especially%20in%20species%20with%20long-distance%20dispersal%20or%20fission%5Cu2013fusion%20group%20dynamics.%20Cascades%20could%20amplify%20%28or%20mitigate%29%20the%20effects%20of%20IGE%20on%20trait%20variation%20and%20on%20evolutionary%20trajectories.%20Expansion%20of%20the%20IGE%20framework%20to%20include%20cascading%20and%20other%20types%20of%20carry-over%20effects%20will%20therefore%20improve%20understanding%20of%20individual%20variation%20and%20social%20evolution%20and%20allow%20more%20accurate%20prediction%20of%20population%20response%20to%20changing%20environments.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-07-13%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1098%5C%2Frspb.2022.0731%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frspb.2022.0731%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220962-8452%2C%201471-2954%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FENJC8QV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Doran%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BDoran%2C%20C.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Lukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Klamser%2C%20P.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Klenz%2C%20H.%2C%20Habedank%2C%20M.%2C%20Arias-Rodriguez%2C%20L.%2C%20Krause%2C%20S.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Krause%2C%20J.%20%282022%29.%20Fish%20waves%20as%20emergent%20collective%20antipredator%20behavior.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCurrent%20Biology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B32%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20708-714.e4.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cub.2021.11.068%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cub.2021.11.068%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Fish%20waves%20as%20emergent%20collective%20antipredator%20behavior%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carolina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doran%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pascal%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klamser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Haider%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klenz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Habedank%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lenin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arias-Rodriguez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2202%5C%2F2022%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.cub.2021.11.068%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0960982221016547%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2209609822%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A50%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NSMYLEUV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lukas%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-12-21%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20Klenz%2C%20H.%2C%20Klamser%2C%20P.%2C%20Arias%20Rodriguez%2C%20L.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%20%282021%29.%20Acoustic%20and%20visual%20stimuli%20combined%20promote%20stronger%20responses%20to%20aerial%20predation%20in%20fish.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBehavioral%20Ecology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B32%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%286%29%2C%201094%26%23x2013%3B1102.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fbeheco%5C%2Farab043%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fbeheco%5C%2Farab043%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Acoustic%20and%20visual%20stimuli%20combined%20promote%20stronger%20responses%20to%20aerial%20predation%20in%20fish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Haider%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klenz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pascal%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klamser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lenin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arias%20Rodriguez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulrika%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Candolin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Bird%20predation%20poses%20a%20strong%20selection%20pressure%20on%20fish.%20Since%20birds%20must%20enter%20the%20water%20to%20catch%20fish%2C%20a%20combination%20of%20visual%20and%20mechano-acoustic%20cues%20%28multimodal%29%20characterize%20an%20immediate%20attack%2C%20while%20single%20cues%20%28unimodal%29%20may%20represent%20less%20dangerous%20disturbances.%20We%20investigated%20whether%20fish%20could%20use%20this%20information%20to%20distinguish%20between%20non-threatening%20and%20dangerous%20events%20and%20adjust%20their%20antipredator%20response%20to%20the%20perceived%20level%20of%20risk.%20To%20do%20so%2C%20we%20investigated%20the%20antipredator%20behavior%20of%20the%20sulphur%20molly%20%28Poecilia%20sulphuraria%29%2C%20a%20small%20freshwater%20fish%20which%20is%20almost%20exclusively%20preyed%20on%20by%20piscivorous%20birds%20in%20its%20endemic%20sulfide%20spring%20habitat.%20In%20a%20field%20survey%2C%20we%20confirmed%20that%20these%20fish%20frequently%20have%20to%20distinguish%20between%20disturbances%20stemming%20from%20attacking%20birds%20%28multimodal%29%20and%20those%20which%20pose%20no%20%28immediate%29%20threat%20such%20as%20bird%20overflights%20%28unimodal%29.%20In%20a%20laboratory%20experiment%2C%20we%20then%20exposed%20fish%20to%20artificial%20visual%20and%5C%2For%20acoustic%20stimuli%20presented%20separately%20or%20combined.%20Sensitivity%20was%20high%20regardless%20of%20stimulus%20type%20and%20number%20%28more%20than%2096%25%20of%20fish%20initiated%20diving%29%2C%20but%20fish%20dove%20deeper%2C%20faster%2C%20and%20for%20longer%20when%20both%20stimuli%20were%20available%20simultaneously.%20Based%20on%20the%20system%5Cu2019s%20high%20rates%20of%20bird%20activity%2C%20we%20argue%20that%20such%20an%20unselective%20dive%20initiation%20with%20subsequent%20fine-tuning%20of%20diving%20parameters%20in%20accordance%20to%20cue%20modality%20represents%20an%20optimal%20strategy%20for%20these%20fish%20to%20save%20energy%20necessary%20to%20respond%20to%20future%20attacks.%20Ultimately%2C%20our%20study%20shows%20that%20fish%20anticipate%20the%20imminent%20risk%20posed%20by%20disturbances%20linked%20to%20bird%20predation%20through%20integrating%20information%20from%20both%20visual%20and%20acoustic%20cues.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-12-21%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fbeheco%5C%2Farab043%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facademic.oup.com%5C%2Fbeheco%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F32%5C%2F6%5C%2F1094%5C%2F6323946%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221045-2249%2C%201465-7279%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A47%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22H75L7YB2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Laskowski%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-10-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLaskowski%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20Seebacher%2C%20F.%2C%20Habedank%2C%20M.%2C%20Meka%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%20%282021%29.%20Two%20Locomotor%20Traits%20Show%20Different%20Patterns%20of%20Developmental%20Plasticity%20Between%20Closely%20Related%20Clonal%20and%20Sexual%20Fish.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BFrontiers%20in%20Physiology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B12%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20740604.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffphys.2021.740604%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffphys.2021.740604%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Two%20Locomotor%20Traits%20Show%20Different%20Patterns%20of%20Developmental%20Plasticity%20Between%20Closely%20Related%20Clonal%20and%20Sexual%20Fish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kate%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laskowski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Seebacher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Habedank%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Johannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20capacity%20to%20compensate%20for%20environmental%20change%20determines%20population%20persistence%20and%20biogeography.%20In%20ectothermic%20organisms%2C%20performance%20at%20different%20temperatures%20can%20be%20strongly%20affected%20by%20temperatures%20experienced%20during%20early%20development.%20Such%20developmental%20plasticity%20is%20mediated%20through%20epigenetic%20mechanisms%20that%20induce%20phenotypic%20changes%20within%20the%20animal%5Cu2019s%20lifetime.%20However%2C%20epigenetic%20modifiers%20themselves%20are%20encoded%20by%20DNA%20so%20that%20developmental%20plasticity%20could%20itself%20be%20contingent%20on%20genetic%20diversity.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20test%20the%20hypothesis%20that%20the%20capacity%20for%20developmental%20plasticity%20depends%20on%20a%20species%5Cu2019%20among-individual%20genetic%20diversity.%20To%20test%20this%2C%20we%20exploited%20a%20unique%20species%20complex%20that%20contains%20both%20the%20clonal%2C%20genetically%20identical%20Amazon%20molly%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Poecilia%20formosa%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%2C%20and%20the%20sexual%2C%20genetically%20diverse%20Atlantic%20molly%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Poecilia%20mexicana%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29.%20We%20predicted%20that%20the%20greater%20among-individual%20genetic%20diversity%20in%20the%20Atlantic%20molly%20may%20increase%20their%20capacity%20for%20developmental%20plasticity.%20We%20raised%20both%20clonal%20and%20sexual%20mollies%20at%20either%20warm%20%2828%5Cu00b0C%29%20or%20cool%20%2822%5Cu00b0C%29%20temperatures%20and%20then%20measured%20locomotor%20capacity%20%28critical%20sustained%20swimming%20performance%29%20and%20unforced%20movement%20in%20an%20open%20field%20across%20a%20temperature%20gradient%20that%20simulated%20environmental%20conditions%20often%20experienced%20by%20these%20species%20in%20the%20wild.%20In%20the%20clonal%20Amazon%20molly%2C%20differences%20in%20the%20developmental%20environment%20led%20to%20a%20shift%20in%20the%20thermal%20performance%20curve%20of%20unforced%20movement%20patterns%2C%20but%20much%20less%20so%20in%20maximal%20locomotor%20capacity.%20In%20contrast%2C%20the%20sexual%20Atlantic%20mollies%20exhibited%20the%20opposite%20pattern%3A%20developmental%20plasticity%20was%20present%20in%20maximal%20locomotor%20capacity%2C%20but%20not%20in%20unforced%20movement.%20Thus%20our%20data%20show%20that%20developmental%20plasticity%20in%20clones%20and%20their%20sexual%2C%20genetically%20more%20diverse%20sister%20species%20is%20trait%20dependent.%20This%20points%20toward%20mechanistic%20differences%20in%20how%20genetic%20diversity%20mediates%20plastic%20responses%20exhibited%20in%20different%20traits.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-10-12%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffphys.2021.740604%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffphys.2021.740604%5C%2Ffull%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221664-042X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A29Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AU4GD82C%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Klamser%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-09-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BKlamser%2C%20P.%20P.%2C%20G%26%23xF3%3Bmez-Nava%2C%20L.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Jolles%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%20%282021%29.%20Impact%20of%20Variable%20Speed%20on%20Collective%20Movement%20of%20Animal%20Groups.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BFrontiers%20in%20Physics%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B9%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20715996.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffphy.2021.715996%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffphy.2021.715996%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Impact%20of%20Variable%20Speed%20on%20Collective%20Movement%20of%20Animal%20Groups%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pascal%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klamser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22G%5Cu00f3mez-Nava%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jolle%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jolles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20collective%20dynamics%20and%20structure%20of%20animal%20groups%20has%20attracted%20the%20attention%20of%20scientists%20across%20a%20broad%20range%20of%20fields.%20A%20variety%20of%20agent-based%20models%20have%20been%20developed%20to%20help%20understand%20the%20emergence%20of%20coordinated%20collective%20behavior%20from%20simple%20interaction%20rules.%20A%20common%2C%20simplifying%20assumption%20of%20such%20collective%20movement%20models%2C%20is%20that%20individual%20agents%20move%20with%20a%20constant%20speed.%20In%20this%20work%20we%20critically%20re-asses%20this%20assumption.%20First%2C%20we%20discuss%20experimental%20data%20showcasing%20the%20omnipresent%20speed%20variability%20observed%20in%20different%20species%20of%20live%20fish%20and%20artificial%20agents%20%28RoboFish%29.%20Based%20on%20theoretical%20considerations%20accounting%20for%20inertia%20and%20rotational%20friction%2C%20we%20derive%20a%20functional%20dependence%20of%20the%20turning%20response%20of%20individuals%20on%20their%20instantaneous%20speed%2C%20which%20is%20confirmed%20by%20experimental%20data.%20We%20then%20investigate%20the%20interplay%20of%20variable%20speed%20and%20speed-dependent%20turning%20on%20self-organized%20collective%20behavior%20by%20implementing%20an%20agent-based%20model%20which%20accounts%20for%20both%20these%20effects.%20We%20show%20that%2C%20besides%20the%20average%20speed%20of%20individuals%2C%20the%20variability%20in%20individual%20speed%20can%20have%20a%20dramatic%20impact%20on%20the%20emergent%20collective%20dynamics%3A%20a%20group%20which%20differs%20to%20another%20only%20in%20a%20lower%20speed%20variability%20of%20its%20individuals%20%28groups%20being%20identical%20in%20all%20other%20behavioral%20parameters%29%2C%20can%20be%20in%20the%20polarized%20state%20while%20the%20other%20group%20is%20disordered.%20We%20find%20that%20the%20local%20coupling%20between%20group%20polarization%20and%20individual%20speed%20is%20strongest%20at%20the%20order-disorder%20transition%2C%20and%20that%2C%20in%20contrast%20to%20fixed%20speed%20models%2C%20the%20group%5Cu2019s%20spatial%20extent%20does%20not%20have%20a%20maximum%20at%20the%20transition.%20Furthermore%2C%20we%20demonstrate%20a%20decrease%20in%20polarization%20with%20group%20size%20for%20groups%20of%20individuals%20with%20variable%20speed%2C%20and%20a%20sudden%20decrease%20in%20mean%20individual%20speed%20at%20a%20critical%20group%20size%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20N%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3D%204%20for%20Voronoi%20interactions%29%20linked%20to%20a%20topological%20transition%20from%20an%20all-to-all%20to%20a%20distributed%20spatial%20interaction%20network.%20Overall%2C%20our%20work%20highlights%20the%20importance%20to%20account%20for%20fundamental%20kinematic%20constraints%20in%20general%2C%20and%20variable%20speed%20in%20particular%2C%20when%20modeling%20self-organized%20collective%20dynamics.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-9-15%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffphy.2021.715996%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffphy.2021.715996%5C%2Ffull%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222296-424X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LAHW54Z4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Landgraf%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-05-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLandgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Gebhardt%2C%20G.%20H.%20W.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20Musiolek%2C%20L.%2C%20Hafner%2C%20V.%20V.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Krause%2C%20J.%20%282021%29.%20Animal-in-the-Loop%3A%20Using%20Interactive%20Robotic%20Conspecifics%20to%20Study%20Social%20Behavior%20in%20Animal%20Groups.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAnnual%20Review%20of%20Control%2C%20Robotics%2C%20and%20Autonomous%20Systems%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B4%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%20487%26%23x2013%3B507.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev-control-061920-103228%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev-control-061920-103228%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Animal-in-the-Loop%3A%20Using%20Interactive%20Robotic%20Conspecifics%20to%20Study%20Social%20Behavior%20in%20Animal%20Groups%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gregor%20H.W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gebhardt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musiolek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Verena%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hafner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Biomimetic%20robots%20that%20replace%20living%20social%20interaction%20partners%20can%20help%20elucidate%20the%20underlying%20interaction%20rules%20in%20animal%20groups.%20Our%20review%20focuses%20on%20the%20use%20of%20interactive%20robots%20that%20respond%20dynamically%20to%20animal%20behavior%20as%20part%20of%20a%20closed%20control%20loop.%20We%20discuss%20the%20most%20influential%20works%20to%20date%20and%20how%20they%20have%20contributed%20to%20our%20understanding%20of%20animal%20sociality.%20Technological%20advances%20permit%20the%20use%20of%20robots%20that%20can%20adapt%20to%20the%20situations%20they%20face%20and%20the%20conspecifics%20they%20encounter%2C%20or%20robots%20that%20learn%20to%20optimize%20their%20social%20performance%20from%20a%20set%20of%20experiences.%20We%20discuss%20how%20adaptation%20and%20learning%20may%20provide%20novel%20insights%20into%20group%20sociobiology%20and%20describe%20the%20technical%20challenges%20associatedwith%20these%20types%20of%20interactive%20robots.%20This%20interdisciplinary%20field%20provides%20a%20rich%20set%20of%20problems%20to%20be%20tackled%20by%20roboticists%2C%20machine%20learning%20engineers%2C%20and%20control%20theorists.%20By%20cultivating%20smarter%20robots%2C%20we%20can%20usher%20in%20an%20era%20of%20more%20nuanced%20exploration%20of%20animal%20behavior.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-05-03%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1146%5C%2Fannurev-control-061920-103228%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev-control-061920-103228%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222573-5144%2C%202573-5144%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LH5EG8Q8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lukas%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-03-18%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Auer%2C%20F.%2C%20Goldhammer%2C%20T.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20Klamser%2C%20P.%2C%20Arias-Rodriguez%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%20%282021%29.%20Diurnal%20Changes%20in%20Hypoxia%20Shape%20Predator-Prey%20Interaction%20in%20a%20Bird-Fish%20System.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BFrontiers%20in%20Ecology%20and%20Evolution%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B9%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20619193.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffevo.2021.619193%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffevo.2021.619193%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Diurnal%20Changes%20in%20Hypoxia%20Shape%20Predator-Prey%20Interaction%20in%20a%20Bird-Fish%20System%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Felix%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Auer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tobias%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goldhammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pascal%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klamser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lenin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arias-Rodriguez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Animals%20often%20face%20changing%20environments%2C%20and%20behavioral%20flexibility%20allows%20them%20to%20rapidly%20and%20adaptively%20respond%20to%20abiotic%20factors%20that%20vary%20more%20or%20less%20regularly.%20However%2C%20abiotic%20factors%20that%20affect%20prey%20species%20do%20not%20necessarily%20affect%20their%20predators.%20Still%2C%20the%20prey%5Cu2019s%20response%20might%20affect%20the%20predator%20indirectly%2C%20yet%20evidence%20from%20the%20wild%20for%20such%20a%20classical%20bottom-up%20effect%20of%20abiotic%20factors%20shaping%20several%20trophic%20levels%20remains%20sparse.%20In%20many%20aquatic%20environments%2C%20daily%20changes%20in%20oxygen%20concentrations%20occur%20frequently.%20When%20oxygen%20levels%20drop%20to%20hypoxic%20levels%2C%20many%20fishes%20respond%20with%20aquatic%20surface%20respiration%20%28ASR%29%2C%20during%20which%20they%20obtain%20oxygen%20by%20skimming%20the%20upper%2C%20oxygenated%20surface%20layer.%20By%20increasing%20time%20at%20the%20surface%2C%20fish%20become%20more%20vulnerable%20to%20fish-eating%20birds.%20We%20explored%20these%20cascading%20effects%20in%20a%20sulfidic%20spring%20system%20that%20harbors%20the%20endemic%20sulphur%20molly%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Poecilia%20sulphuraria%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20as%20prey%20species%20and%20several%20fish-eating%20bird%20species.%20Sulfide-rich%20springs%20pose%20harsh%20conditions%20as%20hydrogen%20sulfide%20%28H%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20S%29%20is%20lethal%20to%20most%20metazoans%20and%20reduces%20dissolved%20oxygen%20%28DO%29.%20Field%20sampling%20during%20three%20daytimes%20indicated%20that%20water%20temperatures%20rose%20from%20morning%20to%20%28after%29noon%2C%20resulting%20in%20the%20already%20low%20DO%20levels%20to%20decrease%20further%2C%20while%20H%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20S%20levels%20showed%20no%20diurnal%20changes.%20The%20drop%20in%20DO%20levels%20was%20associated%20with%20a%20decrease%20in%20time%20spent%20diving%20in%20sulphur%20mollies%2C%20which%20corresponded%20with%20an%20increase%20in%20ASR.%20Interestingly%2C%20the%20laboratory-estimated%20threshold%20at%20which%20the%20majority%20of%20sulphur%20mollies%20initiate%20ASR%20%28ASR%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2050%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3A%20%26lt%3B1.7%20mg%5C%2FL%20DO%29%20was%20independent%20of%20temperature%20and%20this%20value%20was%20exceeded%20daily%20when%20hypoxic%20stress%20became%20more%20severe%20toward%20noon.%20As%20fish%20performed%20ASR%2C%20large%20aggregations%20built%20up%20at%20the%20water%20surface%20over%20the%20course%20of%20the%20day.%20As%20a%20possible%20consequence%20of%20fish%20spending%20more%20time%20at%20the%20surface%2C%20we%20found%20high%20activity%20levels%20of%20fish-eating%20birds%20at%20noon%20and%20in%20the%20afternoon.%20Our%20study%20reveals%20that%20daily%20fluctuations%20in%20water%5Cu2019s%20oxygen%20levels%20have%20the%20potential%20to%20alter%20predator-prey%20interactions%20profoundly%20and%20thus%20highlights%20the%20joined%20actions%20of%20abiotic%20and%20biotic%20factors%20shaping%20the%20evolution%20of%20a%20prey%20species.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-3-18%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffevo.2021.619193%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffevo.2021.619193%5C%2Ffull%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222296-701X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A47%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227YNDZZ93%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bierbach%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-02-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Wenchel%2C%20R.%2C%20Gehrig%2C%20S.%2C%20Wersing%2C%20S.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BConnor%2C%20O.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Krause%2C%20J.%20%282021%29.%20Male%20Sexual%20Preference%20for%20Female%20Swimming%20Activity%20in%20the%20Guppy%20%28Poecilia%20reticulata%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBiology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B10%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29%2C%20147.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fbiology10020147%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fbiology10020147%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Male%20Sexual%20Preference%20for%20Female%20Swimming%20Activity%20in%20the%20Guppy%20%28Poecilia%20reticulata%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronja%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wenchel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gehrig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Serafina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wersing%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olivia%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%5Cu2019Connor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Mate%20choice%20that%20is%20based%20on%20behavioural%20traits%20is%20a%20common%20feature%20in%20the%20animal%20kingdom.%20Using%20the%20Trinidadian%20guppy%2C%20a%20species%20with%20mutual%20mate%20choice%2C%20we%20investigated%20whether%20males%20use%20female%20swimming%20activity%5Cu2014a%20behavioural%20trait%20known%20to%20differ%20consistently%20among%20individuals%20in%20many%20species%5Cu2014as%20a%20trait%20relevant%20for%20their%20mate%20choice.%20In%20the%20first%20experiment%2C%20we%20assessed%20male%20and%20female%20activity%20in%20an%20open%20field%20test%20alone%20%28two%20repeated%20measures%29%20and%20afterwards%20in%20heterosexual%20pairs%20%28two%20repeated%20measures%29.%20In%20these%20pairs%2C%20we%20simultaneously%20assessed%20males%5Cu2019%20mating%20efforts%20by%20counting%20the%20number%20of%20sexual%20behaviours%20%28courtship%20displays%20and%20copulations%29.%20Male%20and%20female%20guppies%20showed%20consistent%20individual%20differences%20in%20their%20swimming%20activity%20when%20tested%20both%20alone%20and%20in%20a%20pair%2C%20and%20these%20differences%20were%20maintained%20across%20both%20test%20situations.%20When%20controlling%20for%20male%20swimming%20behaviour%20and%20both%20male%20and%20female%20body%20size%2C%20males%20performed%20more%20courtship%20displays%20towards%20females%20with%20higher%20swimming%20activity.%20In%20a%20second%20experiment%2C%20we%20tested%20for%20a%20directional%20male%20preference%20for%20swimming%20activity%20by%20presenting%20males%20video%20animations%20of%20low-%20and%20high-active%20females%20in%20a%20dichotomous%20choice%20test.%20In%20congruence%20with%20experiment%201%2C%20we%20found%20males%20to%20spend%20significantly%20more%20time%20in%20association%20with%20the%20high-active%20female%20stimulus.%20Both%20experiments%20thus%20point%20towards%20a%20directional%20male%20preference%20for%20higher%20activity%20levels%20in%20females.%20We%20discuss%20the%20adaptive%20significance%20of%20this%20preference%20as%20activity%20patterns%20might%20indicate%20individual%20female%20quality%2C%20health%20or%20reproductive%20state%20while%2C%20mechanistically%2C%20females%20that%20are%20more%20active%20might%20be%20more%20detectable%20to%20males%20as%20well.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-02-12%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3390%5C%2Fbiology10020147%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.mdpi.com%5C%2F2079-7737%5C%2F10%5C%2F2%5C%2F147%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222079-7737%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A47%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DYR9PYFC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lukas%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-01-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Kalinkat%2C%20G.%2C%20Miesen%2C%20F.%20W.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%20%282021%29.%20Consistent%20Behavioral%20Syndrome%20Across%20Seasons%20in%20an%20Invasive%20Freshwater%20Fish.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BFrontiers%20in%20Ecology%20and%20Evolution%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B8%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20583670.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffevo.2020.583670%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffevo.2020.583670%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Consistent%20Behavioral%20Syndrome%20Across%20Seasons%20in%20an%20Invasive%20Freshwater%20Fish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gregor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kalinkat%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Friedrich%20Wilhelm%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miesen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Understanding%20the%20linkage%20between%20behavioral%20types%20and%20dispersal%20tendency%20has%20become%20a%20pressing%20issue%20in%20light%20of%20global%20change%20and%20biological%20invasions.%20Here%2C%20we%20explore%20whether%20dispersing%20individuals%20exhibit%20behavioral%20types%20that%20differ%20from%20those%20remaining%20in%20the%20source%20population.%20We%20investigated%20a%20feral%20population%20of%20guppies%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Poecilia%20reticulata%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20that%20undergoes%20a%20yearly%20range%20shift%20cycle.%20Guppies%20are%20among%20the%20most%20widespread%20invasive%20species%20in%20the%20world%2C%20but%20in%20temperate%20regions%20these%20tropical%20fish%20can%20only%20survive%20in%20winter-warm%20freshwaters.%20Established%20in%20a%20thermally-altered%20stream%20in%20Germany%2C%20guppies%20are%20confined%20to%20a%20warm-water%20influx%20in%20winter%2C%20but%20can%20spread%20to%20peripheral%20parts%20as%20these%20become%20thermally%20accessible.%20We%20sampled%20fish%20from%20the%20source%20population%20and%20a%20winter-abandoned%20site%20in%20March%2C%20June%20and%20August.%20Fish%20were%20tested%20for%20boldness%2C%20sociability%20and%20activity%20involving%20open-field%20tests%20including%20interactions%20with%20a%20robotic%20social%20partner.%20Guppies%20differed%20consistently%20among%20each%20other%20in%20all%20three%20traits%20within%20each%20sample.%20Average%20trait%20expression%20in%20the%20source%20population%20differed%20across%20seasons%2C%20however%2C%20we%20could%20not%20detect%20differences%20between%20source%20and%20downstream%20population.%20Instead%2C%20all%20populations%20exhibited%20a%20remarkably%20stable%20behavioral%20syndrome%20between%20boldness%20and%20activity%20despite%20strong%20seasonal%20changes%20in%20water%20temperature%20and%20associated%20environmental%20factors.%20We%20conclude%20that%20random%20drift%20%28opposed%20to%20personality-biased%20dispersal%29%20is%20a%20more%20likely%20dispersal%20mode%20for%20guppies%2C%20at%20least%20in%20the%20investigated%20stream.%20In%20the%20face%20of%20fluctuating%20environments%2C%20guppies%20seem%20to%20be%20extremely%20effective%20in%20keeping%20behavioral%20expressions%20constant%2C%20which%20could%20help%20explain%20their%20successful%20invasion%20and%20adaptation%20to%20new%20and%20disturbed%20habitats.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-1-7%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffevo.2020.583670%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffevo.2020.583670%5C%2Ffull%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222296-701X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A46%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RV7J6UVA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Demandt%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BDemandt%2C%20N.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Kurvers%2C%20R.%20H.%20J.%20M.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20Kurtz%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Scharsack%2C%20J.%20P.%20%282021%29.%20Parasite%20infection%20impairs%20the%20shoaling%20behaviour%20of%20uninfected%20shoal%20members%20under%20predator%20attack.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBehavioral%20Ecology%20and%20Sociobiology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B75%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2811%29%2C%20148.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00265-021-03080-7%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00265-021-03080-7%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Parasite%20infection%20impairs%20the%20shoaling%20behaviour%20of%20uninfected%20shoal%20members%20under%20predator%20attack%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicolle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Demandt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ralf%20H.%20J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kurvers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joachim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kurtz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00f6rn%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scharsack%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20A%20key%20benefit%20of%20sociality%20is%20a%20reduction%20in%20predation%20risk.%20Cohesive%20group%20behaviour%20and%20rapid%20collective%20decision%20making%20are%20essential%20for%20reducing%20predation%20risk%20in%20groups.%20Parasite%20infection%20might%20reduce%20an%20individuals%5Cu2019%20grouping%20behaviours%20and%20thereby%20change%20the%20behaviour%20of%20the%20group%20as%20a%20whole.%20To%20investigate%20the%20relationship%20between%20parasite%20infection%20and%20grouping%20behaviours%2C%20we%20studied%20groups%20of%20three-spined%20sticklebacks%2C%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Gasterosteus%20aculeatus%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20varying%20the%20number%20of%20individuals%20experimentally%20infected%20with%20the%20cestode%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Schistocephalus%20solidus%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20We%20studied%20groups%20of%20six%20sticklebacks%20containing%200%2C%202%2C%203%2C%204%20or%206%20infected%20individuals%20before%20and%20after%20a%20simulated%20bird%20attack.%20We%20predicted%20that%20infected%20individuals%20would%20have%20reduced%20shoaling%20and%20swimming%20speed%20and%20that%20the%20presence%20of%20infected%20individuals%20within%20a%20group%20would%20reduce%20group%20cohesion%20and%20speed.%20Uninfected%20fish%20increased%20shoaling%20and%20reduced%20swimming%20speed%20more%20than%20infected%20fish%20after%20the%20bird%20attack.%20In%20groups%20containing%20both%20infected%20and%20uninfected%20fish%2C%20the%20group%20behaviours%20were%20dominated%20by%20the%20more%20frequent%20character%20%28uninfected%20versus%20infected%29.%20Interestingly%2C%20groups%20with%20equal%20numbers%20of%20uninfected%20and%20infected%20fish%20showed%20the%20least%20shoaling%20and%20had%20the%20lowest%20swimming%20speeds%2C%20suggesting%20that%20these%20groups%20failed%20to%20generate%20a%20majority%20and%20therefore%20displayed%20signs%20of%20indecisiveness%20by%20reducing%20their%20swimming%20speed%20the%20most.%20Our%20results%20provide%20evidence%20for%20a%20negative%20effect%20of%20infection%20on%20a%20group%5Cu2019s%20shoaling%20behaviour%2C%20thereby%20potentially%20deteriorating%20collective%20decision%20making.%20The%20presence%20of%20infected%20individuals%20might%20thus%20have%20far-reaching%20consequences%20in%20natural%20populations%20under%20predation%20risk.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Significance%20statement%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Parasite-infected%20individuals%20often%20show%20deviating%20group%20behaviours.%20This%20might%20reduce%20the%20anti-predator%20benefits%20of%20group%20living.%20However%2C%20it%20is%20unknown%20whether%20such%20deviations%20in%20group%20behaviour%20might%20influence%20the%20shoaling%20behaviour%20of%20uninfected%20group%20members%20and%20thereby%20the%20behaviour%20of%20the%20group%20as%20a%20whole.%20By%20experimentally%20infecting%20sticklebacks%20and%20investigating%20groups%20varying%20in%20infection%20rates%2C%20we%20show%20that%20infected%20sticklebacks%20differ%20in%20their%20shoaling%20behaviours%20from%20uninfected%20sticklebacks.%20Additionally%2C%20the%20presence%20of%20infected%20sticklebacks%20within%20the%20group%20affected%20the%20behaviour%20of%20uninfected%20shoal%20members.%20We%20show%20that%20shoals%20of%20infected%20fish%20are%20less%20cohesive%20and%20move%20slower%20compared%20to%20shoals%20of%20uninfected%20fish.%20Furthermore%2C%20we%20show%20that%20the%20infection%20rate%20of%20the%20shoal%20is%20crucial%20for%20how%20the%20group%20behaves.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2211%5C%2F2021%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00265-021-03080-7%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00265-021-03080-7%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220340-5443%2C%201432-0762%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A50%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224FM42B8B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lu%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLu%2C%20Y.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Ormanns%2C%20J.%2C%20Warren%2C%20W.%20C.%2C%20Walter%2C%20R.%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Schartl%2C%20M.%20%282021%29.%20Fixation%20of%20allelic%20gene%20expression%20landscapes%20and%20expression%20bias%20pattern%20shape%20the%20transcriptome%20of%20the%20clonal%20Amazon%20molly.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BGenome%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B31%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20372%26%23x2013%3B379.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.268870.120%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.268870.120%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Fixation%20of%20allelic%20gene%20expression%20landscapes%20and%20expression%20bias%20pattern%20shape%20the%20transcriptome%20of%20the%20clonal%20Amazon%20molly%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yuan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jenny%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ormanns%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wesley%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Warren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronald%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Walter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Manfred%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schartl%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Amazon%20molly%20is%20a%20unique%20clonal%20fish%20species%20that%20originated%20from%20an%20interspecies%20hybrid%20between%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Poecilia%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20species%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20P.%20mexicana%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20and%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20P.%20latipinna%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20It%20reproduces%20by%20gynogenesis%2C%20which%20eliminates%20paternal%20genomic%20contribution%20to%20offspring.%20An%20earlier%20study%20showed%20that%20Amazon%20molly%20shows%20biallelic%20expression%20for%20a%20large%20portion%20of%20the%20genome%2C%20leading%20to%20two%20main%20questions%3A%20%281%29%20Are%20the%20allelic%20expression%20patterns%20from%20the%20initial%20hybridization%20event%20stabilized%20or%20changed%20during%20establishment%20of%20the%20asexual%20species%20and%20its%20further%20evolution%3F%20%282%29%20Is%20allelic%20expression%20biased%20toward%20one%20parental%20allele%20a%20stochastic%20or%20adaptive%20process%3F%20To%20answer%20these%20questions%2C%20the%20allelic%20expression%20of%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20P.%20formosa%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20siblings%20was%20assessed%20to%20investigate%20intra-%20and%20inter-cohort%20allelic%20expression%20variability.%20For%20comparison%2C%20interspecies%20hybrids%20between%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20P.%20mexicana%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20and%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20P.%20latipinna%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20were%20produced%20in%20the%20laboratory%20to%20represent%20the%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20P.%20formosa%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ancestor.%20We%20have%20identified%20inter-cohort%20and%20intra-cohort%20variation%20in%20parental%20allelic%20expression.%20The%20existence%20of%20inter-cohort%20divergence%20suggests%20functional%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20P.%20formosa%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20allelic%20expression%20patterns%20do%20not%20simply%20reflect%20the%20atavistic%20situation%20of%20the%20first%20interspecies%20hybrid%20but%20potentially%20result%20from%20long-term%20selection%20of%20transcriptional%20fitness.%20In%20addition%2C%20clonal%20fish%20show%20a%20transcriptional%20trend%20representing%20minimal%20intra-clonal%20variability%20in%20allelic%20expression%20patterns%20compared%20to%20the%20corresponding%20hybrids.%20The%20intra-clonal%20similarity%20in%20gene%20expression%20translates%20to%20sophisticated%20genetic%20functional%20regulation%20at%20the%20individuum%20level.%20These%20findings%20suggest%20the%20parental%20alleles%20inherited%20by%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20P.%20formosa%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20form%20tightly%20regulated%20genetic%20networks%20that%20lead%20to%20a%20stable%20transcriptomic%20landscape%20within%20clonal%20individuals.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2203%5C%2F2021%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1101%5C%2Fgr.268870.120%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fgenome.cshlp.org%5C%2Flookup%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.268870.120%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221088-9051%2C%201549-5469%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A50%3A52Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KW8PXVTH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bierbach%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Francisco%2C%20F.%2C%20Lukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Maxeiner%2C%20M.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20Musiolek%2C%20L.%2C%20Hafner%2C%20V.%20V.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Krause%2C%20J.%20%282021%29.%20Biomimetic%20robots%20promote%20the%203Rs%20Principle%20in%20animal%20testing.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%202021%20Conference%20on%20Artificial%20Life%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20The%202021%20Conference%20on%20Artificial%20Life.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1162%5C%2Fisal_a_00375%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1162%5C%2Fisal_a_00375%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22conferencePaper%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Biomimetic%20robots%20promote%20the%203Rs%20Principle%20in%20animal%20testing%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fritz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Francisco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Moritz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maxeiner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musiolek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Verena%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hafner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22proceedingsTitle%22%3A%22The%202021%20Conference%20on%20Artificial%20Life%22%2C%22conferenceName%22%3A%22The%202021%20Conference%20on%20Artificial%20Life%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22eventPlace%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1162%5C%2Fisal_a_00375%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdirect.mit.edu%5C%2Fisal%5C%2Farticle-abstract%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1162%5C%2Fisal_a_00375%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A47%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22L39NXMI5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bierbach%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-05-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20M%26%23xF6%3Bnck%2C%20H.%20J.%2C%20Lukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Habedank%2C%20M.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Krause%2C%20J.%20%282020%29.%20Guppies%20Prefer%20to%20Follow%20Large%20%28Robot%29%20Leaders%20Irrespective%20of%20Own%20Size.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BFrontiers%20in%20Bioengineering%20and%20Biotechnology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B8%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20441.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffbioe.2020.00441%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffbioe.2020.00441%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Guppies%20Prefer%20to%20Follow%20Large%20%28Robot%29%20Leaders%20Irrespective%20of%20Own%20Size%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hauke%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00f6nck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Habedank%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-5-15%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffbioe.2020.00441%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffbioe.2020.00441%5C%2Ffull%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222296-4185%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HXGPLUNN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bierbach%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-05-14%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Krause%2C%20S.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20Lukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Arias-Rodriguez%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Krause%2C%20J.%20%282020%29.%20An%20interaction%20mechanism%20for%20the%20maintenance%20of%20fission%26%23x2013%3Bfusion%20dynamics%20under%20different%20individual%20densities.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPeerJ%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B8%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20e8974.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7717%5C%2Fpeerj.8974%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7717%5C%2Fpeerj.8974%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22An%20interaction%20mechanism%20for%20the%20maintenance%20of%20fission%5Cu2013fusion%20dynamics%20under%20different%20individual%20densities%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lenin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arias-Rodriguez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Animals%20often%20show%20high%20consistency%20in%20their%20social%20organisation%20despite%20facing%20changing%20environmental%20conditions.%20Especially%20in%20shoaling%20fish%2C%20fission%5Cu2013fusion%20dynamics%20that%20describe%20for%20which%20periods%20individuals%20are%20solitary%20or%20social%20have%20been%20found%20to%20remain%20unaltered%20even%20when%20density%20changed.%20This%20compensatory%20ability%20is%20assumed%20to%20be%20an%20adaptation%20towards%20constant%20predation%20pressure%2C%20but%20the%20mechanism%20through%20which%20individuals%20can%20actively%20compensate%20for%20density%20changes%20is%20yet%20unknown.%20The%20aim%20of%20the%20current%20study%20is%20to%20identify%20behavioural%20patterns%20that%20enable%20this%20active%20compensation.%20We%20compared%20the%20fission%5Cu2013fusion%20dynamics%20of%20two%20populations%20of%20the%20live-bearing%20Atlantic%20molly%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Poecilia%20mexicana%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20that%20live%20in%20adjacent%20habitats%20with%20very%20different%20predator%20regimes%3A%20cave%20mollies%20that%20inhabit%20a%20low-predation%20environment%20inside%20a%20sulfidic%20cave%20with%20a%20low%20density%20of%20predatory%20water%20bugs%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Belostoma%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20sp.%29%2C%20and%20mollies%20that%20live%20directly%20outside%20the%20cave%20%28henceforth%20called%20%5Cu201csurface%5Cu201d%20mollies%29%20in%20a%20high-predation%20environment.%20We%20analysed%20their%20fission%5Cu2013fusion%20dynamics%20under%20two%20different%20fish%20densities%20of%2012%20and%206%20fish%20per%200.36%20m%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%202%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20As%20expected%2C%20surface%20mollies%20spent%20more%20time%20being%20social%20than%20cave%20mollies%2C%20and%20this%20difference%20in%20social%20time%20was%20a%20result%20of%20surface%20mollies%20being%20less%20likely%20to%20discontinue%20social%20contact%20%28once%20they%20had%20a%20social%20partner%29%20and%20being%20more%20likely%20to%20resume%20social%20contact%20%28once%20alone%29%20than%20cave%20mollies.%20Interestingly%2C%20surface%20mollies%20were%20also%20less%20likely%20to%20switch%20among%20social%20partners%20than%20cave%20mollies.%20A%20random%20walk%20simulation%20predicted%20each%20population%20to%20show%20reduced%20social%20encounters%20in%20the%20low%20density%20treatment.%20While%20cave%20mollies%20largely%20followed%20this%20prediction%2C%20surface%20mollies%20maintained%20their%20interaction%20probabilities%20even%20at%20low%20density.%20Surface%20mollies%20achieved%20this%20by%20a%20reduction%20in%20the%20size%20of%20a%20convex%20polygon%20formed%20by%20the%20group%20as%20density%20decreased.%20This%20may%20allow%20them%20to%20largely%20maintain%20their%20fission%5Cu2013fusion%20dynamics%20while%20still%20being%20able%20to%20visit%20large%20parts%20of%20the%20available%20area%20as%20a%20group.%20A%20slight%20reduction%20%2821%25%29%20in%20the%20area%20visited%20at%20low%20densities%20was%20also%20observed%20but%20insufficient%20to%20explain%20how%20the%20fish%20maintained%20their%20fission%5Cu2013fusion%20dynamics.%20Finally%2C%20we%20discuss%20potential%20movement%20rules%20that%20could%20account%20for%20the%20reduction%20of%20polygon%20size%20and%20test%20their%20performance.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-05-14%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.7717%5C%2Fpeerj.8974%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpeerj.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F8974%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222167-8359%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IXLQCJ73%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jolles%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BJolles%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Weimar%2C%20N.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%20%282020%29.%20Group-level%20patterns%20emerge%20from%20individual%20speed%20as%20revealed%20by%20an%20extremely%20social%20robotic%20fish.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBiology%20Letters%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B16%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%289%29%2C%2020200436.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsbl.2020.0436%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsbl.2020.0436%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Group-level%20patterns%20emerge%20from%20individual%20speed%20as%20revealed%20by%20an%20extremely%20social%20robotic%20fish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jolle%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jolles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nils%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weimar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Understanding%20the%20emergence%20of%20collective%20behaviour%20has%20long%20been%20a%20key%20research%20focus%20in%20the%20natural%20sciences.%20Besides%20the%20fundamental%20role%20of%20social%20interaction%20rules%2C%20a%20combination%20of%20theoretical%20and%20empirical%20work%20indicates%20individual%20speed%20may%20be%20a%20key%20process%20that%20drives%20the%20collective%20behaviour%20of%20animal%20groups.%20Socially%20induced%20changes%20in%20speed%20by%20interacting%20animals%20make%20it%20difficult%20to%20isolate%20the%20effects%20of%20individual%20speed%20on%20group-level%20behaviours.%20Here%2C%20we%20tackled%20this%20issue%20by%20pairing%20guppies%20with%20a%20biomimetic%20robot.%20We%20used%20a%20closed-loop%20tracking%20and%20feedback%20system%20to%20let%20a%20robotic%20fish%20naturally%20interact%20with%20a%20live%20partner%20in%20real%20time%2C%20and%20programmed%20it%20to%20strongly%20copy%20and%20follow%20its%20partner%26%23039%3Bs%20movements%20while%20lacking%20any%20preferred%20movement%20speed%20or%20directionality%20of%20its%20own.%20We%20show%20that%20individual%20differences%20in%20guppies%26%23039%3B%20movement%20speed%20were%20highly%20repeatable%20and%20in%20turn%20shaped%20key%20collective%20patterns%3A%20a%20higher%20individual%20speed%20resulted%20in%20stronger%20leadership%2C%20lower%20cohesion%2C%20higher%20alignment%20and%20better%20temporal%20coordination%20of%20the%20pairs.%20By%20combining%20the%20strengths%20of%20individual-based%20models%20and%20observational%20work%20with%20state-of-the-art%20robotics%2C%20we%20provide%20novel%20evidence%20that%20individual%20speed%20is%20a%20key%2C%20fundamental%20process%20in%20the%20emergence%20of%20collective%20behaviour.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2209%5C%2F2020%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1098%5C%2Frsbl.2020.0436%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsbl.2020.0436%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221744-9561%2C%201744-957X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JR2XWCCA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Musiolek%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMusiolek%2C%20L.%2C%20Hafner%2C%20V.%20V.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%20%282020%29.%20Robofish%20as%20Social%20Partner%20for%20Live%20Guppies.%20In%20V.%20Vouloutsi%2C%20A.%20Mura%2C%20F.%20Tauber%2C%20T.%20Speck%2C%20T.%20J.%20Prescott%2C%20%26amp%3B%20P.%20F.%20M.%20J.%20Verschure%20%28Eds.%29%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBiomimetic%20and%20Biohybrid%20Systems%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%28pp.%20270%26%23x2013%3B274%29.%20Springer%20International%20Publishing.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-030-64313-3_26%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-030-64313-3_26%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22conferencePaper%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Robofish%20as%20Social%20Partner%20for%20Live%20Guppies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musiolek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Verena%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hafner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vasiliki%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vouloutsi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mura%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Falk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tauber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Speck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tony%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prescott%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20F.%20M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Verschure%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Biomimetic%20robots%20that%20are%20accepted%20as%20social%20partners%20by%20animals%20may%20help%20to%20gain%20insights%20into%20animals%5Cu2019%20social%20interaction%20skills.%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20an%20experiment%20using%20the%20biomimetic%20Robofish%20which%20resembles%20live%20guppies%20%28Poecilia%20reticulata%29%20-%20a%20small%20tropical%20freshwater%20fish.%20Guppy%20females%20were%20given%20the%20opportunity%20to%20interact%20with%20different%20open-loop%20controlled%20Robofish%20replicas.%20We%20show%20that%20guppies%20interacting%20with%20a%20lifelike%20Robofish%20replica%20scored%20higher%20on%20social%20interaction%20variables%20than%20did%20those%20faced%20with%20a%20simple%20white%20cuboid%20performing%20the%20same%20movements%2C%20although%20this%20effect%20weakened%20with%20time.%20Our%20study%20exemplifies%20the%20use%20of%20Robofish%20as%20a%20research%20tool%2C%20providing%20highly%20standardized%20social%20cues%20for%20the%20study%20of%20fish%20social%20skills%20such%20as%20imitation%20and%20following.%22%2C%22proceedingsTitle%22%3A%22Biomimetic%20and%20Biohybrid%20Systems%22%2C%22conferenceName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22eventPlace%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2F978-3-030-64313-3_26%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-3-030-64313-3%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A59%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CEGIWQ3C%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Landgraf%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLandgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Moenck%2C%20H.%20J.%2C%20Gebhardt%2C%20G.%20H.%20W.%2C%20Weimar%2C%20N.%2C%20Hocke%2C%20M.%2C%20Maxeiner%2C%20M.%2C%20Musiolek%2C%20L.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%20%282020%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BSocially%20competent%20robots%3A%20adaptation%20improves%20leadership%20performance%20in%20groups%20of%20live%20fish%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20arXiv.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.48550%5C%2FARXIV.2009.06633%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.48550%5C%2FARXIV.2009.06633%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22preprint%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Socially%20competent%20robots%3A%20adaptation%20improves%20leadership%20performance%20in%20groups%20of%20live%20fish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hauke%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moenck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gregor%20H.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gebhardt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nils%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weimar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mathis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hocke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Moritz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maxeiner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musiolek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Collective%20motion%20is%20commonly%20modeled%20with%20simple%20interaction%20rules%20between%20agents.%20Yet%20in%20nature%2C%20numerous%20observables%20vary%20within%20and%20between%20individuals%20and%20it%20remains%20largely%20unknown%20how%20animals%20respond%20to%20this%20variability%2C%20and%20how%20much%20of%20it%20may%20be%20the%20result%20of%20social%20responses.%20Here%2C%20we%20hypothesize%20that%20Guppies%20%28%5C%5Ctextit%7BPoecilia%20reticulata%7D%29%20respond%20to%20avoidance%20behaviors%20of%20their%20shoal%20mates%20and%20that%20%26quot%3Bsocially%20competent%26quot%3B%20responses%20allow%20them%20to%20be%20more%20effective%20leaders.%20We%20test%20this%20hypothesis%20in%20an%20experimental%20setting%20in%20which%20a%20robotic%20Guppy%2C%20called%20RoboFish%2C%20is%20programmed%20to%20adapt%20to%20avoidance%20reactions%20of%20its%20live%20interaction%20partner.%20We%20compare%20the%20leadership%20performance%20between%20socially%20competent%20robots%20and%20two%20non-competent%20control%20behaviors%20and%20find%20that%201%29%20behavioral%20variability%20itself%20appears%20attractive%20and%20that%20socially%20competent%20robots%20are%20better%20leaders%20that%202%29%20require%20fewer%20approach%20attempts%20to%203%29%20elicit%20longer%20average%20following%20behavior%20than%20non-competent%20agents.%20This%20work%20provides%20evidence%20that%20social%20responsiveness%20to%20avoidance%20reactions%20plays%20a%20role%20in%20the%20social%20dynamics%20of%20guppies.%20We%20showcase%20how%20social%20responsiveness%20can%20be%20modeled%20and%20tested%20directly%20embedded%20in%20a%20living%20animal%20model%20using%20adaptive%2C%20interactive%20robots.%22%2C%22genre%22%3A%22%22%2C%22repository%22%3A%22arXiv%22%2C%22archiveID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.48550%5C%2FARXIV.2009.06633%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2009.06633%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-05-26T14%3A16%3A53Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Scherer, U., Ehlman, S. M., Bierbach, D., Pen, I., Krause, J., & Wolf, M. (2026). Non-genetic inheritance of stochastically induced behavioral individuality in a naturally clonal fish. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.31.715612
Scherer, U., Ehlman, S. M., Bierbach, D., Krause, J., & Wolf, M. (2026). Paternal effects without paternity? Testing non-genetic male influence on offspring size and brood size in a gynogenetic vertebrate, the Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa). PLOS ONE, 21(2), e0328962. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0328962
Scherer, U., Ehlman, S. M., Bierbach, D., Krause, J., & Wolf, M. (2026). Activity during the first days of life predicts lifespan in a naturally clonal vertebrate. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.21.707185
Ehlman, S. M., Scherer, U., Bierbach, D., Stärk, L., Beese, M., & Wolf, M. (2025). Developmental arcs of plasticity in whole movement repertoires of a clonal fish. iScience, 28(9), 113189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.113189
Pacher, K., Bierbach, D., Sevinchan, Y., Vollmoeller, C., Juarez-Lopez, A., Jiménez-Jiménez, J. E., Krause, S., Wolf, M., Romanczuk, P., Arias-Rodríguez, L., & Krause, J. (2025). Better and faster decisions by larger fish shoals in the wild. Science Advances, 11(31), eadt8600. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adt8600
Bierbach, D., Lukas, J., Gómez-Nava, L., Francisco, F. A., Arias-Rodriguez, L., Krause, S., Pacher, K., Sevinchan, Y., Romanczuk, P., & Krause, J. (2025). Collective escape waves provide a generic defence against different avian predators. Royal Society Open Science, 12(3), 241055. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.241055
Sevinchan, Y., Vollmoeller, C., Pacher, K., Bierbach, D., Arias-Rodriguez, L., Krause, J., & Romanczuk, P. (2025). Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Social Contagion in Bio-inspired Interaction Networks. In O. Brock & J. Krichmar (Eds.), From Animals to Animats 17 (pp. 133–144). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71533-4_10
Bierbach, D., Schutz, C., Scherer, U., & Pacher, K. (2025). Standards for scientific fish keeping: Poeciliid fishes with special focus on the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and mollies (P. mexicana, P. latipinna, P. formosa, Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae). Bulletin of Fish Biology, 20, 71–85.
Pacher, K., Hernández-Román, N., Juarez-Lopez, A., Jiménez-Jiménez, J. E., Lukas, J., Sevinchan, Y., Krause, J., Arias-Rodríguez, L., & Bierbach, D. (2024). Thermal tolerance in an extremophile fish from Mexico is not affected by environmental hypoxia. Biology Open, 13(2), bio060223. https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.060223
Musiolek, L., Bierbach, D., Weimar, N., Hamon, M., Krause, J., & Hafner, V. V. (2024). Evolving Artificial Neural Networks for Simulating Fish Social Interactions. In S. Smith, J. Correia, & C. Cintrano (Eds.), Applications of Evolutionary Computation (EvoApplications 2024) (pp. 146–161). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56852-7_10
Sevinchan, Y., Vollmoeller, C., Pacher, K., Bierbach, D., Krause, J., & Romanczuk, P. (2024). Context-dependent self-tuning of distance to criticality in large fish shoals [Talk]. DPG Spring Meeting 2024, SKM.
Scherer, U., Laskowski, K., Kressler, M., Ehlman, S., Wolf, M., & Bierbach, D. (2023). Perceived predation risk affects the development of among-individual behavioral variation in a naturally clonal freshwater fish. Animal Behavior and Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.11.25.568653
Scherer, U., Ehlman, S. M., Bierbach, D., Krause, J., & Wolf, M. (2023). Reproductive individuality of clonal fish raised in near-identical environments and its link to early-life behavioral individuality. Nature Communications, 14(1), 7652. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43069-6
Lukas, J., Krause, J., Träger, A. S., Piotrowski, J. M., Romanczuk, P., Sprekeler, H., Arias-Rodriguez, L., Krause, S., Schutz, C., & Bierbach, D. (2023). Multispecies collective waving behaviour in fish. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 378(1874), 20220069. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0069
Ehlman, S. M., Scherer, U., Bierbach, D., Francisco, F. A., Laskowski, K. L., Krause, J., & Wolf, M. (2023). Leveraging big data to uncover the eco-evolutionary factors shaping behavioural development. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 290(1992), 20222115. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.2115
Gómez-Nava, L., Lange, R. T., Klamser, P. P., Lukas, J., Arias-Rodriguez, L., Bierbach, D., Krause, J., Sprekeler, H., & Romanczuk, P. (2023). Fish shoals resemble a stochastic excitable system driven by environmental perturbations. Nature Physics, 19(5), 663–669. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-022-01916-1
Sevinchan, Y., Bierbach, D., Gómez-Nava, L., Krause, J., & Romanczuk, P. (2023). Self-organized Criticality in Animal Collectives [Poster]. DPG Spring Meeting 2023, SKM.
Bierbach, D., Gómez-Nava, L., Francisco, F. A., Lukas, J., Musiolek, L., Hafner, V. V., Landgraf, T., Romanczuk, P., & Krause, J. (2022). Live fish learn to anticipate the movement of a fish-like robot*. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 17(6), 065007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac8e3e
Laskowski, K. L., Bierbach, D., Jolles, J. W., Doran, C., & Wolf, M. (2022). The emergence and development of behavioral individuality in clonal fish. Nature Communications, 13(1), 6419. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34113-y
Makowicz, A. M., Bierbach, D., Richardson, C., & Hughes, K. A. (2022). Cascading indirect genetic effects in a clonal vertebrate. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 289(1978), 20220731. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0731
Doran, C., Bierbach, D., Lukas, J., Klamser, P., Landgraf, T., Klenz, H., Habedank, M., Arias-Rodriguez, L., Krause, S., Romanczuk, P., & Krause, J. (2022). Fish waves as emergent collective antipredator behavior. Current Biology, 32(3), 708-714.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.068
Lukas, J., Romanczuk, P., Klenz, H., Klamser, P., Arias Rodriguez, L., Krause, J., & Bierbach, D. (2021). Acoustic and visual stimuli combined promote stronger responses to aerial predation in fish. Behavioral Ecology, 32(6), 1094–1102. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab043
Laskowski, K. L., Seebacher, F., Habedank, M., Meka, J., & Bierbach, D. (2021). Two Locomotor Traits Show Different Patterns of Developmental Plasticity Between Closely Related Clonal and Sexual Fish. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 740604. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.740604
Klamser, P. P., Gómez-Nava, L., Landgraf, T., Jolles, J. W., Bierbach, D., & Romanczuk, P. (2021). Impact of Variable Speed on Collective Movement of Animal Groups. Frontiers in Physics, 9, 715996. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2021.715996
Landgraf, T., Gebhardt, G. H. W., Bierbach, D., Romanczuk, P., Musiolek, L., Hafner, V. V., & Krause, J. (2021). Animal-in-the-Loop: Using Interactive Robotic Conspecifics to Study Social Behavior in Animal Groups. Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, 4(1), 487–507. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-061920-103228
Lukas, J., Auer, F., Goldhammer, T., Krause, J., Romanczuk, P., Klamser, P., Arias-Rodriguez, L., & Bierbach, D. (2021). Diurnal Changes in Hypoxia Shape Predator-Prey Interaction in a Bird-Fish System. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 619193. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.619193
Bierbach, D., Wenchel, R., Gehrig, S., Wersing, S., O’Connor, O. L., & Krause, J. (2021). Male Sexual Preference for Female Swimming Activity in the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Biology, 10(2), 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10020147
Lukas, J., Kalinkat, G., Miesen, F. W., Landgraf, T., Krause, J., & Bierbach, D. (2021). Consistent Behavioral Syndrome Across Seasons in an Invasive Freshwater Fish. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 583670. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.583670
Demandt, N., Bierbach, D., Kurvers, R. H. J. M., Krause, J., Kurtz, J., & Scharsack, J. P. (2021). Parasite infection impairs the shoaling behaviour of uninfected shoal members under predator attack. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 75(11), 148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-021-03080-7
Lu, Y., Bierbach, D., Ormanns, J., Warren, W. C., Walter, R. B., & Schartl, M. (2021). Fixation of allelic gene expression landscapes and expression bias pattern shape the transcriptome of the clonal Amazon molly. Genome Research, 31(3), 372–379. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.268870.120
Bierbach, D., Francisco, F., Lukas, J., Landgraf, T., Maxeiner, M., Romanczuk, P., Musiolek, L., Hafner, V. V., & Krause, J. (2021). Biomimetic robots promote the 3Rs Principle in animal testing. The 2021 Conference on Artificial Life. The 2021 Conference on Artificial Life. https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00375
Bierbach, D., Mönck, H. J., Lukas, J., Habedank, M., Romanczuk, P., Landgraf, T., & Krause, J. (2020). Guppies Prefer to Follow Large (Robot) Leaders Irrespective of Own Size. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, 441. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00441
Bierbach, D., Krause, S., Romanczuk, P., Lukas, J., Arias-Rodriguez, L., & Krause, J. (2020). An interaction mechanism for the maintenance of fission–fusion dynamics under different individual densities. PeerJ, 8, e8974. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8974
Jolles, J. W., Weimar, N., Landgraf, T., Romanczuk, P., Krause, J., & Bierbach, D. (2020). Group-level patterns emerge from individual speed as revealed by an extremely social robotic fish. Biology Letters, 16(9), 20200436. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0436
Musiolek, L., Hafner, V. V., Krause, J., Landgraf, T., & Bierbach, D. (2020). Robofish as Social Partner for Live Guppies. In V. Vouloutsi, A. Mura, F. Tauber, T. Speck, T. J. Prescott, & P. F. M. J. Verschure (Eds.), Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems (pp. 270–274). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64313-3_26
Landgraf, T., Moenck, H. J., Gebhardt, G. H. W., Weimar, N., Hocke, M., Maxeiner, M., Musiolek, L., Krause, J., & Bierbach, D. (2020). Socially competent robots: adaptation improves leadership performance in groups of live fish. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2009.06633

Scripps News - 21 May 2023 - In Real Life: Voices of Nature

BR 24 - 10 Oct 2022 - Warum Fischschwärme so schnell sind

Deutschlandfunk Nova - 17 November 2021 - Auch Fische haben Persönlichkeit

Deutschlandfunk Kultur - 18 November 2021 - Die Weisheit der Vielen

Terra X plus (ZDF) - 9 May 2021 - Schwarmintelligenz. Einer für alle. Alle für einen

This Week in Science – August 2025 - How Big Fish Groups Outsmart Predators—Fast

Das Gas- und Wasserfach (GWF) / Wasser + Abwasser – August 2025 - Gemeinsam klüger: Große Fischschwärme treffen bessere Entscheidungen

Fisch und Fang – August 2025 - Fischschwärme: Gemeinsam klüger

Vista al Mar – August 2025 - Mejor juntos y muchos

Verband Biologie, Biowissenschaften & Biomedizin Deutschland (VBio) – August 2025 - Gemeinsam klüger: Große Fischschwärme treffen bessere Entscheidungen

SSBCracK Defence, Science & Technology News – August 2025 - Study finds bigger fish shoals make faster, more accurate predator-escape decision

Leibniz Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FVB) – July 2025 - Weniger Fakenews: Größere Fischschwärme treffen bessere und schnellere Entscheidungen

Der Tagesspiegel – May 2023 - Denken zwischen Stillstand und Chaos

Natur – October 2022 - Können Fische antizipieren?

The New York Times – January 2022 - Why These Mexican Fish Do the Wave

Der Standard – January 2022 - Warum mexikanische Fische die La-Ola-Welle machen

Berliner Morgenpost – December 2021 - Fische in Mexiko vertreiben Vögel mit La-Ola Welle

Scientias – December 2021 - Fish sometimes also seem to do the 'wave'

Scientific American – December 2021 - Fish Do the Wave to Ward Off Predatory Birds

The Scientist – December 2021 - Making Waves and Avoiding Beaks

Wissenschaft – December 2021 - Geheimnis fischiger La-Ola-Wellen gelüftet

Spektrum – August 2021 - Auch Fishe haben Persönlichkeit

Berliner Zeitung – August 2021 - Synchronschwimmen

Profil – September 2020 - Schwarmverhaltensforschung

Research

An overview of our scientific work

See our Research Projects