SCIoI Alumni

Tim Landgraf

Principal Investigator

Robotics

FU

 

Email:

Phone: +49 30 838 75 114

 

Photo: SCIoI

← Alumni Overview

Tim Landgraf

Tim Landgraf

Photo: SCIoI

Tim Landgraf is a computer scientist with strong interest in animal intelligence. His group develops modern tools such as robots or machine learning to gain new perspectives on different aspects of intelligence such as navigation or collective decision making. With his collaborators (Krause, Romanczuk, Bierbach) he has developed an interactive robotic fish that will be used in the SCoI Project 10 “Anticipation, Prediction and Behavioral Reliability in Social Interactions”.


Projects

Tim Landgraf is member of:


6984777 Landgraf 1 apa 50 date desc year 19917 https://www.scienceofintelligence.de/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22HP8BSDS9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bierbach%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-11-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20G%26%23xF3%3Bmez-Nava%2C%20L.%2C%20Francisco%2C%20F.%20A.%2C%20Lukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Musiolek%2C%20L.%2C%20Hafner%2C%20V.%20V.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Krause%2C%20J.%20%282022%29.%20Live%20fish%20learn%20to%20anticipate%20the%20movement%20of%20a%20fish-like%20robot%26lt%3Bsup%26gt%3B%2A%26lt%3B%5C%2Fsup%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBioinspiration%20%26amp%3B%20Biomimetics%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B17%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%286%29%2C%20065007.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-3190%5C%2Fac8e3e%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-3190%5C%2Fac8e3e%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Live%20fish%20learn%20to%20anticipate%20the%20movement%20of%20a%20fish-like%20robot%3Csup%3E%2A%3C%5C%2Fsup%3E%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22G%5Cu00f3mez-Nava%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fritz%20A%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Francisco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musiolek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Verena%20V%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hafner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20The%20ability%20of%20an%20individual%20to%20predict%20the%20outcome%20of%20the%20actions%20of%20others%20and%20to%20change%20their%20own%20behavior%20adaptively%20is%20called%20anticipation.%20There%20are%20many%20examples%20from%20mammalian%20species%5Cu2014including%20humans%5Cu2014that%20show%20anticipatory%20abilities%20in%20a%20social%20context%2C%20however%2C%20it%20is%20not%20clear%20to%20what%20extent%20fishes%20can%20anticipate%20the%20actions%20of%20their%20interaction%20partners%20or%20what%20the%20underlying%20mechanisms%20are%20for%20that%20anticipation.%20To%20answer%20these%20questions%2C%20we%20let%20live%20guppies%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Poecilia%20reticulata%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20interact%20repeatedly%20with%20an%20open-loop%20%28noninteractive%29%20biomimetic%20robot%20that%20has%20previously%20been%20shown%20to%20be%20an%20accepted%20conspecific.%20The%20robot%20always%20performed%20the%20same%20zigzag%20trajectory%20in%20the%20experimental%20tank%20that%20ended%20in%20one%20of%20the%20corners%2C%20giving%20the%20live%20fish%20the%20opportunity%20to%20learn%20both%20the%20location%20of%20the%20final%20destination%20as%20well%20as%20the%20specific%20turning%20movement%20of%20the%20robot%20over%20three%20consecutive%20trials.%20The%20live%20fish%5Cu2019s%20reactions%20were%20categorized%20into%20a%20global%20anticipation%2C%20which%20we%20defined%20as%20relative%20time%20to%20reach%20the%20robot%5Cu2019s%20final%20corner%2C%20and%20a%20local%20anticipation%20which%20was%20the%20relative%20time%20and%20location%20of%20the%20live%20fish%5Cu2019s%20turns%20relative%20to%20robofish%20turns.%20As%20a%20proxy%20for%20global%20anticipation%2C%20we%20found%20that%20live%20fish%20in%20the%20last%20trial%20reached%20the%20robot%5Cu2019s%20destination%20corner%20significantly%20earlier%20than%20the%20robot.%20Overall%2C%20more%20than%2050%25%20of%20all%20fish%20arrived%20at%20the%20destination%20before%20the%20robot.%20This%20is%20more%20than%20a%20random%20walk%20model%20would%20predict%20and%20significantly%20more%20compared%20to%20all%20other%20equidistant%2C%20yet%20unvisited%2C%20corners.%20As%20a%20proxy%20for%20local%20anticipation%2C%20we%20found%20fish%20change%20their%20turning%20behavior%20in%20response%20to%20the%20robot%20over%20the%20course%20of%20the%20trials.%20Initially%2C%20the%20fish%20would%20turn%20after%20the%20robot%2C%20which%20was%20reversed%20in%20the%20end%2C%20as%20they%20began%20to%20turn%20slightly%20before%20the%20robot%20in%20the%20final%20trial.%20Our%20results%20indicate%20that%20live%20fish%20are%20able%20to%20anticipate%20predictably%20behaving%20social%20partners%20both%20in%20regard%20to%20final%20movement%20locations%20as%20well%20as%20movement%20dynamics.%20Given%20that%20fish%20have%20been%20found%20to%20exhibit%20consistent%20behavioral%20differences%2C%20anticipation%20in%20fish%20could%20have%20evolved%20as%20a%20mechanism%20to%20adapt%20to%20different%20social%20interaction%20partners.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-11-01%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1088%5C%2F1748-3190%5C%2Fac8e3e%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fiopscience.iop.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1748-3190%5C%2Fac8e3e%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221748-3182%2C%201748-3190%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A50%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FENJC8QV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Doran%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BDoran%2C%20C.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Lukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Klamser%2C%20P.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Klenz%2C%20H.%2C%20Habedank%2C%20M.%2C%20Arias-Rodriguez%2C%20L.%2C%20Krause%2C%20S.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Krause%2C%20J.%20%282022%29.%20Fish%20waves%20as%20emergent%20collective%20antipredator%20behavior.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCurrent%20Biology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B32%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20708-714.e4.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cub.2021.11.068%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cub.2021.11.068%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Fish%20waves%20as%20emergent%20collective%20antipredator%20behavior%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carolina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doran%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pascal%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klamser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Haider%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klenz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Habedank%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lenin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arias-Rodriguez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2202%5C%2F2022%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.cub.2021.11.068%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0960982221016547%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2209609822%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A50%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AU4GD82C%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Klamser%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-09-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BKlamser%2C%20P.%20P.%2C%20G%26%23xF3%3Bmez-Nava%2C%20L.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Jolles%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%20%282021%29.%20Impact%20of%20Variable%20Speed%20on%20Collective%20Movement%20of%20Animal%20Groups.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BFrontiers%20in%20Physics%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B9%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20715996.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffphy.2021.715996%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffphy.2021.715996%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Impact%20of%20Variable%20Speed%20on%20Collective%20Movement%20of%20Animal%20Groups%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pascal%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klamser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22G%5Cu00f3mez-Nava%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jolle%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jolles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20collective%20dynamics%20and%20structure%20of%20animal%20groups%20has%20attracted%20the%20attention%20of%20scientists%20across%20a%20broad%20range%20of%20fields.%20A%20variety%20of%20agent-based%20models%20have%20been%20developed%20to%20help%20understand%20the%20emergence%20of%20coordinated%20collective%20behavior%20from%20simple%20interaction%20rules.%20A%20common%2C%20simplifying%20assumption%20of%20such%20collective%20movement%20models%2C%20is%20that%20individual%20agents%20move%20with%20a%20constant%20speed.%20In%20this%20work%20we%20critically%20re-asses%20this%20assumption.%20First%2C%20we%20discuss%20experimental%20data%20showcasing%20the%20omnipresent%20speed%20variability%20observed%20in%20different%20species%20of%20live%20fish%20and%20artificial%20agents%20%28RoboFish%29.%20Based%20on%20theoretical%20considerations%20accounting%20for%20inertia%20and%20rotational%20friction%2C%20we%20derive%20a%20functional%20dependence%20of%20the%20turning%20response%20of%20individuals%20on%20their%20instantaneous%20speed%2C%20which%20is%20confirmed%20by%20experimental%20data.%20We%20then%20investigate%20the%20interplay%20of%20variable%20speed%20and%20speed-dependent%20turning%20on%20self-organized%20collective%20behavior%20by%20implementing%20an%20agent-based%20model%20which%20accounts%20for%20both%20these%20effects.%20We%20show%20that%2C%20besides%20the%20average%20speed%20of%20individuals%2C%20the%20variability%20in%20individual%20speed%20can%20have%20a%20dramatic%20impact%20on%20the%20emergent%20collective%20dynamics%3A%20a%20group%20which%20differs%20to%20another%20only%20in%20a%20lower%20speed%20variability%20of%20its%20individuals%20%28groups%20being%20identical%20in%20all%20other%20behavioral%20parameters%29%2C%20can%20be%20in%20the%20polarized%20state%20while%20the%20other%20group%20is%20disordered.%20We%20find%20that%20the%20local%20coupling%20between%20group%20polarization%20and%20individual%20speed%20is%20strongest%20at%20the%20order-disorder%20transition%2C%20and%20that%2C%20in%20contrast%20to%20fixed%20speed%20models%2C%20the%20group%5Cu2019s%20spatial%20extent%20does%20not%20have%20a%20maximum%20at%20the%20transition.%20Furthermore%2C%20we%20demonstrate%20a%20decrease%20in%20polarization%20with%20group%20size%20for%20groups%20of%20individuals%20with%20variable%20speed%2C%20and%20a%20sudden%20decrease%20in%20mean%20individual%20speed%20at%20a%20critical%20group%20size%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20N%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3D%204%20for%20Voronoi%20interactions%29%20linked%20to%20a%20topological%20transition%20from%20an%20all-to-all%20to%20a%20distributed%20spatial%20interaction%20network.%20Overall%2C%20our%20work%20highlights%20the%20importance%20to%20account%20for%20fundamental%20kinematic%20constraints%20in%20general%2C%20and%20variable%20speed%20in%20particular%2C%20when%20modeling%20self-organized%20collective%20dynamics.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-9-15%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffphy.2021.715996%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffphy.2021.715996%5C%2Ffull%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222296-424X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LAHW54Z4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Landgraf%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-05-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLandgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Gebhardt%2C%20G.%20H.%20W.%2C%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20Musiolek%2C%20L.%2C%20Hafner%2C%20V.%20V.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Krause%2C%20J.%20%282021%29.%20Animal-in-the-Loop%3A%20Using%20Interactive%20Robotic%20Conspecifics%20to%20Study%20Social%20Behavior%20in%20Animal%20Groups.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAnnual%20Review%20of%20Control%2C%20Robotics%2C%20and%20Autonomous%20Systems%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B4%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%20487%26%23x2013%3B507.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev-control-061920-103228%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev-control-061920-103228%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Animal-in-the-Loop%3A%20Using%20Interactive%20Robotic%20Conspecifics%20to%20Study%20Social%20Behavior%20in%20Animal%20Groups%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gregor%20H.W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gebhardt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musiolek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Verena%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hafner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Biomimetic%20robots%20that%20replace%20living%20social%20interaction%20partners%20can%20help%20elucidate%20the%20underlying%20interaction%20rules%20in%20animal%20groups.%20Our%20review%20focuses%20on%20the%20use%20of%20interactive%20robots%20that%20respond%20dynamically%20to%20animal%20behavior%20as%20part%20of%20a%20closed%20control%20loop.%20We%20discuss%20the%20most%20influential%20works%20to%20date%20and%20how%20they%20have%20contributed%20to%20our%20understanding%20of%20animal%20sociality.%20Technological%20advances%20permit%20the%20use%20of%20robots%20that%20can%20adapt%20to%20the%20situations%20they%20face%20and%20the%20conspecifics%20they%20encounter%2C%20or%20robots%20that%20learn%20to%20optimize%20their%20social%20performance%20from%20a%20set%20of%20experiences.%20We%20discuss%20how%20adaptation%20and%20learning%20may%20provide%20novel%20insights%20into%20group%20sociobiology%20and%20describe%20the%20technical%20challenges%20associatedwith%20these%20types%20of%20interactive%20robots.%20This%20interdisciplinary%20field%20provides%20a%20rich%20set%20of%20problems%20to%20be%20tackled%20by%20roboticists%2C%20machine%20learning%20engineers%2C%20and%20control%20theorists.%20By%20cultivating%20smarter%20robots%2C%20we%20can%20usher%20in%20an%20era%20of%20more%20nuanced%20exploration%20of%20animal%20behavior.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-05-03%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1146%5C%2Fannurev-control-061920-103228%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev-control-061920-103228%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222573-5144%2C%202573-5144%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DYR9PYFC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lukas%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-01-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Kalinkat%2C%20G.%2C%20Miesen%2C%20F.%20W.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%20%282021%29.%20Consistent%20Behavioral%20Syndrome%20Across%20Seasons%20in%20an%20Invasive%20Freshwater%20Fish.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BFrontiers%20in%20Ecology%20and%20Evolution%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B8%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20583670.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffevo.2020.583670%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffevo.2020.583670%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Consistent%20Behavioral%20Syndrome%20Across%20Seasons%20in%20an%20Invasive%20Freshwater%20Fish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gregor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kalinkat%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Friedrich%20Wilhelm%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Miesen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Understanding%20the%20linkage%20between%20behavioral%20types%20and%20dispersal%20tendency%20has%20become%20a%20pressing%20issue%20in%20light%20of%20global%20change%20and%20biological%20invasions.%20Here%2C%20we%20explore%20whether%20dispersing%20individuals%20exhibit%20behavioral%20types%20that%20differ%20from%20those%20remaining%20in%20the%20source%20population.%20We%20investigated%20a%20feral%20population%20of%20guppies%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Poecilia%20reticulata%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20that%20undergoes%20a%20yearly%20range%20shift%20cycle.%20Guppies%20are%20among%20the%20most%20widespread%20invasive%20species%20in%20the%20world%2C%20but%20in%20temperate%20regions%20these%20tropical%20fish%20can%20only%20survive%20in%20winter-warm%20freshwaters.%20Established%20in%20a%20thermally-altered%20stream%20in%20Germany%2C%20guppies%20are%20confined%20to%20a%20warm-water%20influx%20in%20winter%2C%20but%20can%20spread%20to%20peripheral%20parts%20as%20these%20become%20thermally%20accessible.%20We%20sampled%20fish%20from%20the%20source%20population%20and%20a%20winter-abandoned%20site%20in%20March%2C%20June%20and%20August.%20Fish%20were%20tested%20for%20boldness%2C%20sociability%20and%20activity%20involving%20open-field%20tests%20including%20interactions%20with%20a%20robotic%20social%20partner.%20Guppies%20differed%20consistently%20among%20each%20other%20in%20all%20three%20traits%20within%20each%20sample.%20Average%20trait%20expression%20in%20the%20source%20population%20differed%20across%20seasons%2C%20however%2C%20we%20could%20not%20detect%20differences%20between%20source%20and%20downstream%20population.%20Instead%2C%20all%20populations%20exhibited%20a%20remarkably%20stable%20behavioral%20syndrome%20between%20boldness%20and%20activity%20despite%20strong%20seasonal%20changes%20in%20water%20temperature%20and%20associated%20environmental%20factors.%20We%20conclude%20that%20random%20drift%20%28opposed%20to%20personality-biased%20dispersal%29%20is%20a%20more%20likely%20dispersal%20mode%20for%20guppies%2C%20at%20least%20in%20the%20investigated%20stream.%20In%20the%20face%20of%20fluctuating%20environments%2C%20guppies%20seem%20to%20be%20extremely%20effective%20in%20keeping%20behavioral%20expressions%20constant%2C%20which%20could%20help%20explain%20their%20successful%20invasion%20and%20adaptation%20to%20new%20and%20disturbed%20habitats.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-1-7%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffevo.2020.583670%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffevo.2020.583670%5C%2Ffull%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222296-701X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A46%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KW8PXVTH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bierbach%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20Francisco%2C%20F.%2C%20Lukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Maxeiner%2C%20M.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20Musiolek%2C%20L.%2C%20Hafner%2C%20V.%20V.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Krause%2C%20J.%20%282021%29.%20Biomimetic%20robots%20promote%20the%203Rs%20Principle%20in%20animal%20testing.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%202021%20Conference%20on%20Artificial%20Life%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20The%202021%20Conference%20on%20Artificial%20Life.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1162%5C%2Fisal_a_00375%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1162%5C%2Fisal_a_00375%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22conferencePaper%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Biomimetic%20robots%20promote%20the%203Rs%20Principle%20in%20animal%20testing%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fritz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Francisco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Moritz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maxeiner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musiolek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Verena%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hafner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22proceedingsTitle%22%3A%22The%202021%20Conference%20on%20Artificial%20Life%22%2C%22conferenceName%22%3A%22The%202021%20Conference%20on%20Artificial%20Life%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%22%2C%22eventPlace%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1162%5C%2Fisal_a_00375%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdirect.mit.edu%5C%2Fisal%5C%2Farticle-abstract%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1162%5C%2Fisal_a_00375%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A47%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22L39NXMI5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bierbach%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-05-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBierbach%2C%20D.%2C%20M%26%23xF6%3Bnck%2C%20H.%20J.%2C%20Lukas%2C%20J.%2C%20Habedank%2C%20M.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Krause%2C%20J.%20%282020%29.%20Guppies%20Prefer%20to%20Follow%20Large%20%28Robot%29%20Leaders%20Irrespective%20of%20Own%20Size.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BFrontiers%20in%20Bioengineering%20and%20Biotechnology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B8%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20441.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffbioe.2020.00441%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffbioe.2020.00441%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Guppies%20Prefer%20to%20Follow%20Large%20%28Robot%29%20Leaders%20Irrespective%20of%20Own%20Size%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hauke%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00f6nck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juliane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lukas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Habedank%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-5-15%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3389%5C%2Ffbioe.2020.00441%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.3389%5C%2Ffbioe.2020.00441%5C%2Ffull%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222296-4185%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IXLQCJ73%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jolles%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BJolles%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Weimar%2C%20N.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Romanczuk%2C%20P.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%20%282020%29.%20Group-level%20patterns%20emerge%20from%20individual%20speed%20as%20revealed%20by%20an%20extremely%20social%20robotic%20fish.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBiology%20Letters%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B16%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%289%29%2C%2020200436.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsbl.2020.0436%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsbl.2020.0436%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Group-level%20patterns%20emerge%20from%20individual%20speed%20as%20revealed%20by%20an%20extremely%20social%20robotic%20fish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jolle%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jolles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nils%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weimar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romanczuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Understanding%20the%20emergence%20of%20collective%20behaviour%20has%20long%20been%20a%20key%20research%20focus%20in%20the%20natural%20sciences.%20Besides%20the%20fundamental%20role%20of%20social%20interaction%20rules%2C%20a%20combination%20of%20theoretical%20and%20empirical%20work%20indicates%20individual%20speed%20may%20be%20a%20key%20process%20that%20drives%20the%20collective%20behaviour%20of%20animal%20groups.%20Socially%20induced%20changes%20in%20speed%20by%20interacting%20animals%20make%20it%20difficult%20to%20isolate%20the%20effects%20of%20individual%20speed%20on%20group-level%20behaviours.%20Here%2C%20we%20tackled%20this%20issue%20by%20pairing%20guppies%20with%20a%20biomimetic%20robot.%20We%20used%20a%20closed-loop%20tracking%20and%20feedback%20system%20to%20let%20a%20robotic%20fish%20naturally%20interact%20with%20a%20live%20partner%20in%20real%20time%2C%20and%20programmed%20it%20to%20strongly%20copy%20and%20follow%20its%20partner%26%23039%3Bs%20movements%20while%20lacking%20any%20preferred%20movement%20speed%20or%20directionality%20of%20its%20own.%20We%20show%20that%20individual%20differences%20in%20guppies%26%23039%3B%20movement%20speed%20were%20highly%20repeatable%20and%20in%20turn%20shaped%20key%20collective%20patterns%3A%20a%20higher%20individual%20speed%20resulted%20in%20stronger%20leadership%2C%20lower%20cohesion%2C%20higher%20alignment%20and%20better%20temporal%20coordination%20of%20the%20pairs.%20By%20combining%20the%20strengths%20of%20individual-based%20models%20and%20observational%20work%20with%20state-of-the-art%20robotics%2C%20we%20provide%20novel%20evidence%20that%20individual%20speed%20is%20a%20key%2C%20fundamental%20process%20in%20the%20emergence%20of%20collective%20behaviour.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2209%5C%2F2020%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1098%5C%2Frsbl.2020.0436%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsbl.2020.0436%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221744-9561%2C%201744-957X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-29T10%3A40%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JR2XWCCA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Musiolek%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMusiolek%2C%20L.%2C%20Hafner%2C%20V.%20V.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20Landgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%20%282020%29.%20Robofish%20as%20Social%20Partner%20for%20Live%20Guppies.%20In%20V.%20Vouloutsi%2C%20A.%20Mura%2C%20F.%20Tauber%2C%20T.%20Speck%2C%20T.%20J.%20Prescott%2C%20%26amp%3B%20P.%20F.%20M.%20J.%20Verschure%20%28Eds.%29%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBiomimetic%20and%20Biohybrid%20Systems%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%28pp.%20270%26%23x2013%3B274%29.%20Springer%20International%20Publishing.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-030-64313-3_26%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-030-64313-3_26%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22conferencePaper%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Robofish%20as%20Social%20Partner%20for%20Live%20Guppies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musiolek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Verena%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hafner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vasiliki%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vouloutsi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mura%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Falk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tauber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Speck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tony%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prescott%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20F.%20M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Verschure%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Biomimetic%20robots%20that%20are%20accepted%20as%20social%20partners%20by%20animals%20may%20help%20to%20gain%20insights%20into%20animals%5Cu2019%20social%20interaction%20skills.%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20an%20experiment%20using%20the%20biomimetic%20Robofish%20which%20resembles%20live%20guppies%20%28Poecilia%20reticulata%29%20-%20a%20small%20tropical%20freshwater%20fish.%20Guppy%20females%20were%20given%20the%20opportunity%20to%20interact%20with%20different%20open-loop%20controlled%20Robofish%20replicas.%20We%20show%20that%20guppies%20interacting%20with%20a%20lifelike%20Robofish%20replica%20scored%20higher%20on%20social%20interaction%20variables%20than%20did%20those%20faced%20with%20a%20simple%20white%20cuboid%20performing%20the%20same%20movements%2C%20although%20this%20effect%20weakened%20with%20time.%20Our%20study%20exemplifies%20the%20use%20of%20Robofish%20as%20a%20research%20tool%2C%20providing%20highly%20standardized%20social%20cues%20for%20the%20study%20of%20fish%20social%20skills%20such%20as%20imitation%20and%20following.%22%2C%22proceedingsTitle%22%3A%22Biomimetic%20and%20Biohybrid%20Systems%22%2C%22conferenceName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22eventPlace%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2F978-3-030-64313-3_26%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-3-030-64313-3%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-06-22T11%3A59%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CEGIWQ3C%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A6984777%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Landgraf%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLandgraf%2C%20T.%2C%20Moenck%2C%20H.%20J.%2C%20Gebhardt%2C%20G.%20H.%20W.%2C%20Weimar%2C%20N.%2C%20Hocke%2C%20M.%2C%20Maxeiner%2C%20M.%2C%20Musiolek%2C%20L.%2C%20Krause%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bierbach%2C%20D.%20%282020%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BSocially%20competent%20robots%3A%20adaptation%20improves%20leadership%20performance%20in%20groups%20of%20live%20fish%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20arXiv.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.48550%5C%2FARXIV.2009.06633%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.48550%5C%2FARXIV.2009.06633%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22preprint%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Socially%20competent%20robots%3A%20adaptation%20improves%20leadership%20performance%20in%20groups%20of%20live%20fish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landgraf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hauke%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moenck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gregor%20H.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gebhardt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nils%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weimar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mathis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hocke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Moritz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maxeiner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Musiolek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krause%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bierbach%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Collective%20motion%20is%20commonly%20modeled%20with%20simple%20interaction%20rules%20between%20agents.%20Yet%20in%20nature%2C%20numerous%20observables%20vary%20within%20and%20between%20individuals%20and%20it%20remains%20largely%20unknown%20how%20animals%20respond%20to%20this%20variability%2C%20and%20how%20much%20of%20it%20may%20be%20the%20result%20of%20social%20responses.%20Here%2C%20we%20hypothesize%20that%20Guppies%20%28%5C%5Ctextit%7BPoecilia%20reticulata%7D%29%20respond%20to%20avoidance%20behaviors%20of%20their%20shoal%20mates%20and%20that%20%26quot%3Bsocially%20competent%26quot%3B%20responses%20allow%20them%20to%20be%20more%20effective%20leaders.%20We%20test%20this%20hypothesis%20in%20an%20experimental%20setting%20in%20which%20a%20robotic%20Guppy%2C%20called%20RoboFish%2C%20is%20programmed%20to%20adapt%20to%20avoidance%20reactions%20of%20its%20live%20interaction%20partner.%20We%20compare%20the%20leadership%20performance%20between%20socially%20competent%20robots%20and%20two%20non-competent%20control%20behaviors%20and%20find%20that%201%29%20behavioral%20variability%20itself%20appears%20attractive%20and%20that%20socially%20competent%20robots%20are%20better%20leaders%20that%202%29%20require%20fewer%20approach%20attempts%20to%203%29%20elicit%20longer%20average%20following%20behavior%20than%20non-competent%20agents.%20This%20work%20provides%20evidence%20that%20social%20responsiveness%20to%20avoidance%20reactions%20plays%20a%20role%20in%20the%20social%20dynamics%20of%20guppies.%20We%20showcase%20how%20social%20responsiveness%20can%20be%20modeled%20and%20tested%20directly%20embedded%20in%20a%20living%20animal%20model%20using%20adaptive%2C%20interactive%20robots.%22%2C%22genre%22%3A%22%22%2C%22repository%22%3A%22arXiv%22%2C%22archiveID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.48550%5C%2FARXIV.2009.06633%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2009.06633%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-05-26T14%3A16%3A53Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Bierbach, D., Gómez-Nava, L., Francisco, F. A., Lukas, J., Musiolek, L., Hafner, V. V., Landgraf, T., Romanczuk, P., & Krause, J. (2022). Live fish learn to anticipate the movement of a fish-like robot*. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 17(6), 065007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac8e3e
Doran, C., Bierbach, D., Lukas, J., Klamser, P., Landgraf, T., Klenz, H., Habedank, M., Arias-Rodriguez, L., Krause, S., Romanczuk, P., & Krause, J. (2022). Fish waves as emergent collective antipredator behavior. Current Biology, 32(3), 708-714.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.068
Klamser, P. P., Gómez-Nava, L., Landgraf, T., Jolles, J. W., Bierbach, D., & Romanczuk, P. (2021). Impact of Variable Speed on Collective Movement of Animal Groups. Frontiers in Physics, 9, 715996. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2021.715996
Landgraf, T., Gebhardt, G. H. W., Bierbach, D., Romanczuk, P., Musiolek, L., Hafner, V. V., & Krause, J. (2021). Animal-in-the-Loop: Using Interactive Robotic Conspecifics to Study Social Behavior in Animal Groups. Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, 4(1), 487–507. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-061920-103228
Lukas, J., Kalinkat, G., Miesen, F. W., Landgraf, T., Krause, J., & Bierbach, D. (2021). Consistent Behavioral Syndrome Across Seasons in an Invasive Freshwater Fish. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 583670. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.583670
Bierbach, D., Francisco, F., Lukas, J., Landgraf, T., Maxeiner, M., Romanczuk, P., Musiolek, L., Hafner, V. V., & Krause, J. (2021). Biomimetic robots promote the 3Rs Principle in animal testing. The 2021 Conference on Artificial Life. The 2021 Conference on Artificial Life. https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00375
Bierbach, D., Mönck, H. J., Lukas, J., Habedank, M., Romanczuk, P., Landgraf, T., & Krause, J. (2020). Guppies Prefer to Follow Large (Robot) Leaders Irrespective of Own Size. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, 441. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00441
Jolles, J. W., Weimar, N., Landgraf, T., Romanczuk, P., Krause, J., & Bierbach, D. (2020). Group-level patterns emerge from individual speed as revealed by an extremely social robotic fish. Biology Letters, 16(9), 20200436. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0436
Musiolek, L., Hafner, V. V., Krause, J., Landgraf, T., & Bierbach, D. (2020). Robofish as Social Partner for Live Guppies. In V. Vouloutsi, A. Mura, F. Tauber, T. Speck, T. J. Prescott, & P. F. M. J. Verschure (Eds.), Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems (pp. 270–274). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64313-3_26
Landgraf, T., Moenck, H. J., Gebhardt, G. H. W., Weimar, N., Hocke, M., Maxeiner, M., Musiolek, L., Krause, J., & Bierbach, D. (2020). Socially competent robots: adaptation improves leadership performance in groups of live fish. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2009.06633

Research

An overview of our scientific work

See our Research Projects